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Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda hur definitionen av våldtäkt utvecklats från 1734 till och med 2013. Detta skall förklaras utifrån tre parametrar: personkrets, våld/hot och sexuell handling. Uppsatsens skall försöka svara på hur dessa faktorer har förändrats och varför. Kravet på våld har sänkts genomgående under historien och är nu betydligt lägre än på 1700-talet. Detta beror till stor del p

”Juryn måste avstå från vittnets sista uttalande.” Ett sådant tillrättavisande har de flesta människor hört, oavsett om det rör sig om personer som arbetar i domstol, akademiker eller gemenman ute på landsbygden. Både det svenska- och det amerikanska juridiska rättssystemet verkar under uppfattningen att nämndemän och jurymedlemmar är villiga att följa domaren (rådmannens) instruktioner samt är ti“The jury is to disregard the witness’s last statement.” Such an admonition is likely familiar to most people whether they are legal professionals, academics or lay judges who only occasionally watch courtroom dramas. Both the Swedish and US legal system operates under the assumption that lay judges and jurors are willing to follow instructions given by the judge and are able to ignore inadmissibl

Previous studies have found that launch prices reflect the therapeutic gains of pharmaceuticals (for instance: Ekelund and Persson, 2003, on Sweden and Lu and Comanor, 1998, on the US). Furthermore, Howard et al (2015) found that purely pharmaceutical costs to “Medicare” at launch for new anticancer drugs increased annually, from 1995-2013, after controlling for health benefits and inflation. This

Privata skadeståndsprocesser, där den part som lidit skada av ett konkurrensbrott kräver kompensation från skadevållaren, har än så länge inte haft en framträdande roll i EU. Enbart 25 % av kommissionens kartellbeslut följdes upp med privata processer mellan 2008 och 2012, och av dessa skedde merparten i Storbritannien, Nederländerna och Tyskland. Som ett svar på detta föreslog kommissionen ett nyPrivate enforcement, where victims of a competition infringement claim compensation from the infringer, has so far not played a prominent role within the EU. It has been stated that only 25 % of the Commission’s antitrust decision were followed by private damages action between 2008 and 2012. Furthermore, the major part of these claims was filed in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany. As a respons

Ensamkommande unga som flyr undan krig eller förföljelse i sitt hemland möts i det nya landet av en migrationsprocess där åldern är central för prövningen av uppehållstillstånd. Anledningarna till det är flera. Bland annat tillerkänns personer under 18 år bostad, utbildning och sjukvård. Är den av sökanden påstådda åldern tveksam startar en åldersbedömning för att utreda om han eller hon är ett baUnaccompanied children who are fleeing war or persecution in their native country meet in the new country a migration process where the age is central for the legal examination of residence permit. The reasons for this are several. Among other things, individuals younger than eighteen are granted housing, education and medical care. If the age that the applicant claims is doubtful, an age assessme

Den här uppsatsen kretsar kring svenska kommuners drift av gym, en företeelse som gör att kommunen agerar som aktör på den öppna marknaden. I takt med att allt mer av den offentliga och den privata sektorn har smält samman så har också antalet konkurrenskonflikter som detta kan föranleda ökat. Det privata näringslivet har under årtionden påtalat att de upplever det som ett problem och att den offeThis essay revolves around Swedish municipalities' operation of gyms, a phenomenon that makes the municipalities act as players on the open market. As more and more of the public and private sectors have merged the number of competitive conflicts that this has caused has also increased. The private sector has, for decades, complained that it feels it is an issue and that the public sector is n

Problematiken kring räntesnurror uppmärksammades första gången på 1990-talet i det så kallade Mobil-Oilfallet. Vid denna tid var begreppet räntesnurror ännu inte myntat och Skatteverket hade inte insett att skatteplaneringsförfarandet kunde komma att årligen undandra staten flera miljarder kronor i skattepengar. Problemet låg i den obegränsade ränteavdragsrätten i 16 kap. 1 § IL som gjorde att konThe problem of interest turbines (Swedish: räntesnurror) was first recognized in the 1990s in the so-called Mobile Oil case. At this time, the concept of interest turbines was not yet coined and the Swedish Tax Authority had not realized that this kind of tax planning procedure could cost the state several billion crowns in tax money. The problem consisted in the unlimited interest deduction in ch

The Theory of Characteristic Modes (TCM) provides an alternative means of antenna synthesis in compact mobile handsets by taking into account the chassis. This makes it possible to create dual-element Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antennas in mobile handsets with very little coupling and correlation between the two antennas. But apart from the antennas, modern mobile phones are each equipp

Increasingly, buildings are built with glass facades, which creates difficulties regarding indoor environmental quality. During the summer, solar radiation contributes to a surplus of heat which increases the temperature indoors, while in winter the building can be too cold as result of the cooled window surfaces. This study addresses how thermal comfort can be optimized for the LNC-building belon

Issue: With today's increasingly stringent demands for reduced energy consumption for buildings, many choose to build so-called low-energy or passive houses. These houses have that in common that they are well insulated and advantageous from an energy perspective but alongside this more prone to moisture damage. In this work, a passive house was designed and energy calculations were executed.

In light of what have become known as the European migration crisis, this thesis examines the legality of one of EU’s burden-sharing responses to this perceived threat – the EU/Turkey deal on March 18 2016. For many asylum seekers, the dream of a safe haven in the EU goes through Turkey to the Greek islands, leading to a significant rise in the number of would-be asylum seekers in the EU over the

Considering the growing pressure on various ecosystems all around the world, the development of ecological indicators for assessing the health and condition of the ecosystems has become an integral part of environmental management and policy making efforts. Such indicators do not only simplify the complex ecosystem processes but can also act as a measure of performance of a conservation policy. Th

Background and Objectives: This project explored the needs of art galleries and collectors for Digital Asset Management Systems (DAMS), in order to fill an existing knowledge gap and help companies to analyse these needs. Bespoken difficulties in the field significantly challenge the development of DAMS and have thus also hampered the evolvement of high-quality systems for the art market. There se

I föreliggande uppsats analyseras samt jämförs de arbetsrättsliga regler vilka reglerar förhållandet mellan arbets- och familjelivet i Sverige och Danmark. Två centrala frågor uppsatsen behandlar är vilka rättsliga förutsättningar det finns för arbetstagare att vara föräldraledig och vilket skydd det finns mot att missgynnas i arbetslivet på grund av framtida, föreliggande eller nyttjad föräldraleA comparative study of law regarding parental leave and prohibition of less favourable treatment of workers associated with parental leave in Sweden and Denmark. Although the laws on parental leave in Sweden and in Denmark are similar this study will show interesting conclusions by comparing them. In Sweden parents have the possibility of unpaid parental leave until their child turns 18 months ol

The purpose of our essay was to investigate how co-workers in a collaboration project between human service organizations experienced their work in relation to what obstacles and opportunities they have met during their time as a project. Our study was based on individual interviews from a group of people working with collaboration from different human service organizations in Sweden under the sam

Antibodies have become immensely important reagents within biomolecular research and analysis as well as in medicine. Monoclonal antibodies are the largest class of biological drugs and with an increasing number of therapeutic antibodies approved for clinical use the need for efficient purification strategies is vast. Today, most antibodies are purified using affinity chromatography based on Prote

Under 1900-talet har stormskador på skog ökat vilket är en konsekvens av vårt skogsbruk, en ökad volym av skog, och äldre skogsbestånd. Denna ökning av stormskador har konsekvenser för ekonomi, infrastruktur, skogsägare och samhälle. Samtidigt ändras klimatet successivt, och detta kommer i framtiden att innebära högre temperaturer och ökad nederbörd. Långsamt närmar vi oss ett nytt slags klimat, sDuring the 20th century storm damage in Sweden has increased as a consequence of how the forest has been managed, an increased proportion of forest and older tree stands. The increase of storm damage has consequences for the regional economy, infrastructure, foresters, and the society. At the same time the climate is gradually changing, which means increased temperatures and higher precipitation r

Trafikbrottslagens 5 § ålägger alla trafikanter, som är inblandade i en trafikolycka, att stanna kvar på platsen för olyckan och lämna upplysningar om händelsen. Uppsatsen undersöker om denna upplysningsplikt kan strida mot Europakonventionens sjätte artikel och skyddet mot självinkriminering, som innebär att en misstänkt person aldrig ska behöva bidra till utredningen om sin egen brottslighet. EuSection 5 of the Swedish Traffic Crimes Act, requires all persons involved in a traffic accident to remain at the scene of the accident and provide information about the incident. This essay examines whether the obligation to disclose certain information about the incident, may violate the sixth article of the European Convention on human rights and the protection against self-incrimination. Accor

The aim of this study was to examine how social welfare workers identify, reason about and handle the moral dilemmas that can occur in the assessment of the child’s best interest when the child is married. Due to the increased presence of unaccompanied children that are married when seeking asylum in Sweden, the social services were challenged during the fall in 2015. There was no clear direction