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In type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the frequency of antibodies against insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), ICA512/IA2 (IA2), and islet cell antigens (ICA) vary with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) composition of the patient. IAA, IA2 autoantibodies, and ICA are increased in DQ8 positives; GAD65 antibodies are increased in DQ2 positives. MHC class I chain-related gene-A (MICA) is

Some migratory birds have advanced their spring arrival to Northern Europe, possibly by increasing the speed of migration through Europe in response to increased temperature en route. In this paper we compare the phenology of spring arrival of seven trans-Saharan migrants along their migration route and test for patterns indicating that migration speed varied over the season using long-term data c

A typical feature of the boreal forest landscape is a gradient from dry to wet sites, with associated increases in the depth of the soil organic layers. In this study, the coupled ecosystem-soil biogeochemistry model GUESS-ROMUL is used to explore how the specific features of soil organic matter decomposition and vegetation dynamics account for an observed difference between the soils formed under

Historically, labor supply elasticities have been used to evaluate tax policy and predict tax revenue effects. They are likely to underestimate taxpayers' response to tax rate changes, and hence to underestimate changes in potential tax revenues, however, because they measure only how taxpayers alter hours worked. Taxpayers can also respond to tax rate changes by altering, for instance, their work

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although the incidence of and mortality from myocardial infarction (MI) have declined in most industrialized countries, incidence studies of stroke have shown less consistent trends. This study examines time trends in the incidence of stroke and case fatality rates in relation to socioeconomic circumstances and history of MI.METHODS: Stroke incidence in the city of Malmö, S

Life cycle environmental problems have been addressed by a number of strategies. However, the results are mostly lamentable because solutions are searched for within the same paradigms that give rise to the problems. This research questions the vision of linear material growth and searches for ways to sustain economic growth without putting the natural environment under stress. The research explor

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease in which the 0 cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the body's own immune system. IL12 plays a role in pathological situations, such as septic shock, tissue damage during inflammation, and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In NOD mice, administration of IL12 induces T1DM and administration of IL12 antagonists prevents T1DM. Linkage and a