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Den fråga som är föremål för utredning i denna uppsats är huruvida EU:s nyligen antagna datalagringsdirektiv uppfyller ERMK:s krav på respekt för privatliv och korrespondens i art 8 samt om direktivet är förenligt med tre av EG-rättens grundläggande rättsprinciper: principen om fundamentala rättigheter, principen om subsidiaritet och principen om proportionalitet. Sedan den 11 september 2001 har e
I den första svenska jämställdhetslagen från 1979 skyddades bara diskrimineringsgrunden kön. Redan då insåg lagstiftaren att det behövdes en bevislättnad eftersom diskriminering bygger på att man vet orsaken till att arbetsgivaren har handlat på ett visst sätt. Jämställdhetslagens bevisbörderegel skapades som en presumtionsregel. En presumtionsregel innebär att arbetstagaren ska bevisa vissa omstäIn the first equality act of Sweden from 1979, the scope of the discrimination protections afforded under the act were limited by the gender of a given party. Already at that time, the legislator saw a need for a relaxation of the burden of proof as previously, discrimination matters turned on the requirement that the claimant be cognizant of why the defendant had acted in a certain manner. The r
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Jorden består från centrum och utåt av kärna, mantel och en tunn skorpa. Skorpan och den översta delen av manteln kallas litosfär. Litosfären består av ett antal plattor som rör sig i förhållande till varandra. De flesta geologiska processer sker längs plattkanterna. En typ av plattgränser utgörs av oceanryggar, t.ex. den Mittatlantiska ryggen. Här bildas kontin
I både svensk rätt och EG-rätt är utgångspunkten att all negativ särbehandling, såväl saklig som osaklig, vilken har samband med t.ex. kön eller etnisk tillhörighet är att betrakta som könsdiskriminering respektive etnisk diskriminering. I dessa båda rättssystem finns dock utrymme för tillåtna undantag. I folkrätten är det endast osaklig särbehandling på grund av kön som utgör könsdiskriminering o
Organiserad brottslighet är ett svårutrett fenomen och ett fortsatt växande problem i både Sverige och resten av världen. För att på ett effektivt sätt kunna utreda och bekämpa allvarlig och grov organiserad brottslighet har de brottsbekämpande myndigheterna möjlighet att använda sig av hemliga tvångsmedel mot en enskild. Några exempel på hemliga tvångsmedel är hemlig avlyssning av elektronisk komOrganised crime is a phenomenon, which is hard to investigate, and a continuing growing problem in both Sweden and the rest of the world. To effectively investigate and fight major and serious organised crime, the law enforcement authorities have the power to use secret coercive measures against an individual. Some examples of secret coercive measures are secret interception of electronic communic
Context. Large spectroscopic surveys have in recent years enabled computing three-dimensional interstellar extinction maps thanks to the accurate stellar atmospheric parameters and line-of-sight distances these surveys provide. Interstellar extinction maps are complementary to 3D maps extracted from photometry and allow a more thorough studying of the dust properties. Aims. Our goal is to use the
We performed a detailed study of the ratio of low-alpha to high-alpha stars in the Galactic halo as observed by the Gaia-ESO Survey. Using a sample of 381 metal-poor stars from the second internal data release, we found that the value of this ratio did not show evidence of systematic trends as a function of metallicity, surface gravity, Galactic latitude, Galactic longitude, height above the Galac
Field observations and experimental data of effects of nitrogen (N) deposition oil plant species diversity have been Used to derive empirical critical N loads for various ecosystems. The great advantage of such an approach is the inclusion of field evidence, but there are also restrictions, such as the absence of explicit criteria regarding significant effects on the vegetation, and the impossibil
Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) tumours are commonly divided into three cytogenetic subgroups. However, by unsupervised principal components analysis of gene expression profiles we recently identified four distinct subgroups, r1-r4. In the current study we characterized these different subgroups in more detail, with a specific focus on the fourth divergent tumour subgroup (r4). Methods: Expression
The objective was to develop evidence -based recommendations and a research and educational agenda for the non-pharmacological management of hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA). The multidisciplinary task force comprised 21 experts: nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, rheumatologists, orthopaedic surgeons, general practitioner, psychologist, dietician, clinical epidemiologist and patie
Abstract: Avian long-distance migration as an adaptation to spatiotemporally changing resources is a complex evolutionary trait shaped by various endo- and exogenous factors. Descriptive studies of migratory journeys provide direct investigations of migratory parameters and these often set the basis for fun-damental follow-up studies on the eco-evolutionary principles. In this study, male Great
Den svenska spelmarknaden har fortsatt att växa trots rådande ekonomiska oro. Vadhållning på sportspel är den del av spelmarknaden som växt mest trots konkurrens från utländska spelbolag. Faktum är att AB Svenska Spel och Oddset endast beräknats besitta 6-7 % av den svenska livespelsmark-naden samtidigt som en ansenlig del av de oreglerade, utländska spelbola-gens omsättning från Sverige har kunnaThe Swedish gaming market has continued to grow despite the current eco-nomic crisis. Betting on sports is the part of the gaming market that has grown the most in spite of competition from foreign bookmakers. In fact, AB Svenska Spel and Oddset are calculated to possess only 6-7% of the Swedish live-betting market and at the same time a considerable part of the unregulated foreign bookmakers turn
Amplification of the MDM2 and CDK4 genes on chromosome 12 is commonly associated with low-grade osteosarcomas. In this study, we conducted high-resolution genomic and transcriptomic analyses on 33 samples from 25 osteosarcomas, encompassing both high- and low-grade cases with MDM2 and/or CDK4 amplification. We discerned four major subgroups, ranging from nearly intact genomes to heavily rearranged
To effectively navigate out of the climate crisis, a new interdisciplinary approach is needed to guide and facilitate research that integrates diverse understandings of how transitions evolve in intertwined social–environmental systems. The concept of tipping points, frequently used in the natural sciences and increasingly in the social sciences, can help elucidate processes underlying major socia
BACKGROUND: The transition to undertaking rehabilitation in the home or local neighbourhood calls for an extensive understanding of which aspects of the built environment are important for people with stroke.OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study aims to explore how home and local neighbourhood environments support or hinder rehabilitation for people who have had a stroke from the perspectives of vario
Background: Per- and polyflouralkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of persistent chemicals used extensively in industries and consumer products due to their water-repellent properties. Studies have linked PFAS exposure to adverse health effects, and human exposure to PFAS, especially during pregnancy, is of great concern. In this study, we report how serum PFAS concentrations during pregnancy corre
BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining traction in medicine and surgery. AI-based applications can offer tools to examine high-volume data to inform predictive analytics that supports complex decision-making processes. Time-sensitive trauma and emergency contexts are often challenging. The study aims to investigate trauma and emergency surgeons' knowledge and perception of using AI-ba
Background: Nodal assessment in gallbladder cancer remains challenging, particularly in incidental gallbladder cancer. This understages the number of patients with node-positive disease, resulting in prognostic inaccuracy and insufficient adjuvant treatment. This study aimed to identify risk factors for positive nodes in gallbladder cancer and to compare prognostic discrimination of available noda
Systems with pronounced spin anisotropy are pivotal in advancing magnetization switching and spin-wave generation mechanisms that are fundamental to spintronic technologies. Quasi-van der Waals ferromagnets like Cr1+δTe2 represent seminal materials in this field, renowned for their delicate balance between frustrated layered geometries and magnetism. Despite extensive investigation, the nature of
UNLABELLED: Children with congenital and acquired heart disease have an increased risk of thromboembolic events. There is a paucity of evidence on the optimal approach to thromboprophylaxis for this population, and the introduction of direct oral anticoagulants in recent years has led to significant variation in clinical practice. The aim of the study was to describe current practice in thrombopro
