We propose a signal-to-noise criterion which predicts whether a feature of a given size and scattering strength, placed inside a larger object, can be retrieved with two common X-ray imaging techniques: coherent diffraction imaging and projection microscopy. This criterion, based on how efficiently these techniques detect the scattered photons and validated through simulations, shows in general th

Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) holds great promise in cell replacement therapy for patients suffering from degenerative eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, we generated iPSCs from human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) by electroporation with episomal plasmid vectors encoding OCT4,

The topological crystalline insulator tin telluride is known to host superconductivity when doped with indium (Sn1-xInxTe), and for low indium content (x=0.04) it is known that the topological surface states are preserved. Here we present the growth, characterization, and angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy analysis of samples with much heavier In doping (up to x≈0.4), a regime where the sup

An extensive phenomenological study of the Drell-Yan (DY) process in pp collisions at various energies is performed in the color dipole framework. Besides previously studied γ∗ production we also include the Z0 contribution relevant at large dilepton invariant masses. We investigate the DY cross section differential in invariant mass, rapidity and transverse momentum of the dilepton pair in pp col

Food quality is greatly dependent on the security of the food packaging process,which has been widely developed to inhibit food spoilage and to prolong the shelf life for food products. Gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy is used as an optical noninvasive method to estimate the gas content in food packages. A diode laser with central wavelength of 760 nm is used to record an oxygen spe

Closed-loop positivity of feedback interconnections of positive monotone nonlinear systems is investigated. It is shown that an instantaneous gain condition on the open-loop systems which implies feedback well-posedness also guarantees feedback positivity. Furthermore, the notion of integral linear constraints (ILC) is utilised as a tool to characterise uncertainty in positive feedback systems. Ro

In this paper, we present two distributed algorithms to compute an equilibrium, that is optimal with respect to strictly convex and separable cost functions, for controlled traffic flow dynamics over networks under constant exogenous inflows. The dynamics is modeled in continuous time by the Cell Transmission Model and a non-FIFO Dynamic Network Loading Model, with traffic control. The two algorit

Experiments for measuring gas diffusion through porous alumina ceramics are described. With the gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy (GASMAS) technique, gaseous oxygen signals are measured continuously during the gas diffusion process. It is experimentally demonstrated that the time-dependence of the transient oxygen signal is described by an exponential curve. Moreover, the effect on g

This article makes a contribution to the critique of market-based mechanisms for climate and energy policy. It explores the environmental effectiveness of market instruments by engaging a broadly conceived “fossil fuel landscape”, or the material, social, and political inertia of fossil energy dependence, as a factor delimiting policy outcomes. The argument is developed through a focus on the idea

We develop a model to study tetraquark production in hadronic collisions. We focus on double parton scattering and formulate a version of the color evaporation model for the production of the X(3872) and of the T4c tetraquark, a state composed by the cc¯cc¯ quarks. We find that the production cross section grows rapidly with the collision energy s and make predictions for the forthcoming higher en

We investigate the constrained Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (cMSSM) in the light of constraining experimental and observational data from precision measurements, astrophysics, direct supersymmetry searches at the LHC and measurements of the properties of the Higgs boson, by means of a global fit using the program Fittino. As in previous studies, we find rather poor agreement of the best f

The current uncertainty on the gluon density extracted from the global parton analysis is large in the kinematical range of small values of the Bjorken-x variable and low values of the hard scale (Formula presented.). An alternative to reduces this uncertainty is the analysis of the exclusive vector meson photoproduction in photon–hadron and hadron–hadron collisions. This process offers a unique o

What do employees need in order to be innovative? In this paper, we explored how employees with different lengths of tenure within the research and development (R&D) department of a company in the automotive industry answer this question. We found that the needs vary depending on the length of the employee's tenure. New employees view innovation as an organisational work issue and employees wi

Most animals, including aquatic crustacean zooplankton, perform strong avoidance movements when exposed to a threat, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR). We here show that the genera Daphnia and Bosmina instantly adjust their vertical position in the water in accordance with the present UVR threat, i.e., seek refuge in deeper waters, whereas other taxa show less response to the threat. Moreover, D

User driven innovation (UDI) is a popular term in policy and corporate circles. However, it is not clear exactly what UDI means and how such practices are used across the spectrum of companies and over the innovation life cycle. The present study compares 58 UDI showcases in Finnish companies in order to analyse the diversity of UDI practices and their evolution over time. We identify five main mo

Recent studies report trends of strongly increasing iron (Fe) concentrations in freshwaters. Since Fe is a key element with a decisive role in the biogeochemical cycling of major elements, it is important to understand the mechanisms behind these trends. We hypothesized that variations in Fe concentration are driven mainly by redox dynamics in hydraulically connected soils. Notably, Fe(III), which

A novel rigorous statistical treatment is applied to available data (May 9, 2016) from search and spectroscopy experiments on the elements with atomic numbers Z = 115 and Z = 117 . The present analysis implies that the hitherto proposed cross-reaction link between α-decay chains associated with the isotopes 293-117 and 289-115 is highly improbable.