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Popular Abstract in English An endospore, which can be formed by some bacteria, is a dormant and extremely endurable state which helps the cell to survive long periods of harsh environmental conditions. The penicillin-binding protein SpoVD in Bacillus subtilis is essential for the synthesis of the endospore cortex, a protective layer consisting of modified peptidoglycan. In depth investigation of Bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium can form endospores as a strategy to survive unfavourable environmental conditions. Endospore formation involves synthesis of cortex, a thick layer of modified peptidoglycan that surrounds the spore. This layer is required for heat resistance of the spore and mutant spores lacking the cortex layer can be identified by a simple heat shock assay. B. su

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Denna artikel syftar till att kortfattat beskriva utvecklingen av en normvetenskap samt att diskutera betydelsen av normanalyser inom samhällsvetenskap. En av sociologins främsta uppgifter ligger i att studera och förstå handlingar. Särskilt viktigt är studiet av interaktion eller samhandling. Genom olika processer av ömsesidig påverkan interagerar aktörer på olika nivåer av samhället. Interaktion

En ny och uppdaterad version av vår lärobok. Förutom en allmän uppdatering finns nya kapitel om anknytningsteori och religion (förf. Antoon Geels), omvändelsens psykologi (förf. Antoon Geels)och existentiella ritualer (förf. Valerie DeMarinis).

How should the development of creativity be approached? Many accounts of children’s creativity focus on the relation between creativity and pretend play, placing make-believe and the mental exploration of possible scenarios about the world at the fore. Often divergent thinking and story-telling are used to measure creativity with fluency, originality, and flexibility as indicators. I will argue th

Popular Abstract in Swedish Skadeståndsrätten innehåller alternativa definitioner på culpa. Den innehåller tre Konkurrerande culpakriterier. Enligt normalitetskriteriet föreligger culpa om den som orsakat en skada inte har vidtagit de försiktighetsåtgärder som en normalt aktsam person hade vidtagit i motsvarande situation. Enligt det ekonomiska kriteriet föreligger culpa om skadan hade kunnat förhThe concept of negligence in tort law can be defined in (at least) three different ways. Negligence can be defined in terms of normality, i.e. as failing to act in accordance with custom or failing to meet the level of care taken by normally careful citizens. It can be defined in terms of efficiency. In that case it would mean refraining from taking a precaution that costs less to take than it sav

This chapter starts with a description of the optics of camera-type eyes, in which an image is projected upon a retina with cornea and lens as refracting elements. Ray tracing is explained with the human eye as an example of a terrestrial vertebrate's eye. Then the comparison is made to camera eyes of aquatic and amphibious animals, with an explanation of different kinds of aberrations, difficulti

Consumer response to designed products has a profound effect on how products are interpreted, approached and used. Product design is crucial in determining this consumer response. Research in this field has been centered on studying the relationship between product features and subjective responses of users and consumers to those features. The subject of aesthetic or styling design process has bee

The declining trend in cardiovascular mortality rates seen since the mid-1970s in Western countries have been more pronounced for people in higher socioeconomic status (SES) groups. The fact that established risk factors, are limited in explaining the socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) has opened new fields of research. One such field is the role of SES in the preclinical (a

In this contribution, we reflect on the particular function of international criminal law to prevent refugee crises of the type that provided a major trigger for the debate on military and legal interventionism in the 1990s. Based on the dichotomy of formal and substantive justice, we analyze the achievements of International Criminal Tribunals and look into the Gotovina judgment in particular. We

Contributions from graduate students of the National Graduate School of History

PhD Thesis defended at the Department of Mathematics, University of Athens, Greece. It concerns the appropriate formulation and solvability / well-posedness of the Maxwell system for the general linear medium. Special attention is paid in the extraction of the constitutive relation from the axioms that govern the phenomenon. The whole approach is purely functional analytic and operator theoretic.

In this paper, we investigate the importance of taking frequency-dependent temporal phenomena into account in audio coding. We do this in the context of sinusoidal modeling of audio signals by applying amplitude modulation to the sinusoidal components. Traditionally, audio coders use a fixed time-segmentation for all frequencies despite that it is well-known that the time-frequency resolution of t