Purpose: Breast carcinomas expressing basal epithelium cytokeratins constitute a tumor subgroup that is typically hormone receptor negative and shows a distinct gene expression profile. Based on variable basal cytokeratin immunostaining patterns, we hypothesized that the "basal phenotype" tumor group may comprise more than one biological entity. Experimental Design: Basal cytokeratins 5 and 14 (CK

This article presents a rational institutionalist account of why the Commission and the ECJ vary in their capacity to pursue successfully a supranational agenda. In the empirical part, the explanatory power of this approach is illustrated through a comparison of the Commission's and the ECJ's autonomy in the pursuit of a joint agenda in EU enforcement. The article suggests that the EU as a strateg

In this study, the results from three Nordic linkage disequilibrium screens in multiple sclerosis (MS) were investigated, in a new sample set of 314 Nordic MS trios from Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland. Among 30 non-HLA and two HLA microsatellite markers individually genotyped, eight markers displayed distorted transmission with uncorrected P-value

Care of haemophilic patients has dramatically improved during the past 40-50 years. Clotting factor concentrates have become much safer. Expensive treatments such as prophylaxis, immune-tolerance induction, the use of bypassing agents in inhibitor patients, and the replacement of joints have become available. However, there is still a shortage of factor concentrate, and we are yet to discover the

The mechanism of activation for protein kinase B (PKB), an important target for insulin signaling, has been scarcely investigated in primary cells. In this study, we have characterized the insulin-induced phosphorylation and activation of PKB beta in primary rat adipocytes. Insulin stimulation resulted in a translocation of PKB beta from cytosol to membranes, and phosphorylation and activation of

Objective: To compare the effects of low-dose transdermal estradiol (E2)/norethisterone acetate (NETA) patches (Estalis 25/125) with low-dose oral E2/NETA (Activelle) on cardiovascular biochemical markers after 12 and 52 weeks of treatment in postmenopausal women with intact uteri. Design: Participants were randomly assigned to receive either transdermal E2/NETA (delivering daily doses of 25 [mu]

The power expenditure of flapping flight in birds is characterised by a U-shaped function of speed through the air. From this relationship and the assumption of limited power available from flight muscles, it is possible to predict changes in the birds' airspeed in relation to external factors such as wind. These predictions are derived from flight mechanical theory and optimality criteria concern

Using quantum dot artificial atoms as a simple toy model, we reflect on the question of whether spin density functional theory (SDFT) can accurately describe correlation effects in low-dimensional fermion systems. Different expressions for the local density approximation of the exchange-correlation energy for the two-dimensional electron gas, such as the much-used functional of Tanatar and Ceperle

In the presence of the nonionic alkyloxyethylene surfactant n-dodecylpentaoxyethylene glycol ether (C12E5), the anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) poly{1,4-phenylene-[9,9-bis(4-phenoxy-butylsulfonate)]fluorene-2,7-diyl} (PBS-PFP) dissolves in water, leading to a blue shift in fluorescence and dramatic increases in fluorescence quantum yields above the surfactant critical micelle concentratio

Six-coordinated heme groups are involved in a large variety of electron transfer reactions because of their ability to exist in both the ferrous (Fe2+) andferric (Fe3+) state without any large differences in structure. Our studies on hemes coordinated by two histidines (bis-His) and hemes coordinated by histidine and methionine (His-Met) will be reviewed. In both of these coordination environments

BACKGROUND: Calcitonin-related peptides have been found in the human prostate, and calcitonin (CT) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) have been demonstrated in subpopulations of neuroendocrine (NE) cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of CT and CGRP as well as the densities of NE cells in normal prostates, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and carcinoma of

The oxidation of free DHA, DHA mixed with PC, and DHA incorporated into PC, PE, or TG was evaluated to determine which lipid provided DHA with the best protection against oxidation. DHA was either situated at the sn-1 position, sn-2 position, or both positions of the phospholipid, whereas the TG contained DHA at all positions. All lipids were incubated as bulk lipids, in chloroform, or as an emuls

A method is presented on how to quantify the moisture conditions of nuclear concrete containment walls. The method is based on first quantifying the boundary conditions at the outer and inner surfaces and then describing the moisture fixation and moisture transport within the concrete wall. The temperature and humidity conditions of the outdoor air and of the air close to the wall surfaces are mon

The rate of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and brain abnormalities was analyzed in 31 individuals (15 males, 16 females; age range 1mo to 31y, mean age 8y 11mo) with CHARGE association, as part of a multidisciplinary study. A meticulous neuropsychiatric examination was performed, including standardized autism diagnostic interviews. Judgement regarding ASDs was impossible in three infants and thr

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common malignant primary brain tumor and also one of the most therapy-resistant tumors. Because of the dismal prognosis, various therapies modulating the immune system have been developed in experimental models. Previously, we have shown a 37-70% cure in a rat glioma model where rats were peripherally immunized with tumor cells producing IFN. On the basis of the

Using a novel method for the analysis of infants with multiple malformations, we investigated the cluster of associated malformations called the OEIS (omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, spine defect) complex among 5,260 infants with multiple malformations identified in four large registers of congenital malformations, corresponding to 5.84 million births. The existence of the OEIS c

Background Stigma affects not only people with mental illnesses, but their families as well. Understanding how stigma affects family members in terms of both their psychological response to the ill person and their contacts with psychiatric services will improve interactions with the family. Aims To investigate factors of psychological significance related to stigma of the relatives. Method In a