Insect disturbances
Defoliating insectsInsect attacks can be dynamic events by defoliating insects where trees usually survive the attack and sometimes refoliate later in the growing season. An example is the sub-arctic birch forest in northern Sweden that are attacked by defoliating birch moth larvae with cycles of 9-10 years.Beetle outbreaks following disturbanceThe spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is an economic
https://www.nateko.lu.se/research/ecosystems-functioning-dynamics-and-ecology/insect-disturbances - 2025-10-19