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Decreases of the sex steroids, testosterone and estrogen, are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Testosterone and estrogen supplementation improves cognitive deficits in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Sex hormones play a role in the regulation of amyloid-β via induction of the amyloid-β degrading enzymes neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme. To mimic the effect of dih

Binary chloromethane-argon clusters were investigated by means of synchrotron-radiation-based valence and core level photoelectron spectroscopies. The host argon clusters were produced by adiabatic expansion and exposed to chloromethane molecules using the pick-up technique. The study of the valence spectrum showed that heterogeneous clusters were formed. The spatial distribution of chloromethane

A new class of chiral non-racemic gamma- and delta-amino alcohols based on bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane have been synthesized and used as catalysts in the asymmetric diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper devises a new way of measuring the geographical scope of innovation based on patent data and compares its geographical distribution with that of patents granted and production. Indicators of patent quality are used to form an index of regional innovation, which is argued to be an improvement over patent counts, which are seen as indicators of inventions. Innovations are more concentrate

In the early postwar period, improvements in life expectancy in many Western countries made health authorities, health scientists and politicians believe that social differences in mortality converged. The assumption was that inequality, when measured as death rates, was on steady decline, possibly even on the brink of disappearing. The question is then, how far back in time can social differences

Auger electron spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculations has been applied to investigate the decay of the Ca 2p core hole of aqueous Ca2+. Beyond the localized two-hole final states on the calcium ion, originating from a normal Auger process, we have further identified the final states delocalized between the calcium ion and its water surroundings and produced by core level intermolecula

In this work, a novel analytical method based on hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the analysis of melamine in fresh milk. The conditions of the HF-LPME were investigated and optimized. As a result, a supported liquid membrane containing 6-undecanone and di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was selected. The

According to the Argument from Disagreement (AD) widespread and persistent disagreement on ethical issues indicates that our moral opinions are not influenced by moral facts, either because there are no such facts or because there are such facts but they fail to influence our moral opinions. In an innovative paper, Gustafsson and Peterson (Synthese, published online 16 October, 2010) study the arg

The influence of module configuration on the ultrafiltration of highly concentrated fluids in tubular membrane plants was investigated. Previous work has shown that frictional pressure drop in the feed flow channel can have a significant influence on the performance when treating viscous fluids. In the present study, three module alternatives were compared: polymeric membranes connected either in

Cleft lip and palate (CLP), the most common of all craniofacial anomalies, has an incidence about 2 per 1000 births in the Scandinavian countries. The Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in Malmö has been a regional centre in southern Sweden for the treatment of patients with CLP since 1954 with about 40 new cases of clefts each year. Speech and facial growth are important objectives

Background. Over the last few decades, an increasing number of studies have suggested a connection between neurodevelopmental problems (NDPs) and body mass index (BMI). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) both seem to carry an increased risk for developing extreme BMI. However, the results are inconsistent, and there have been only a few studies of t

We discuss two examples of infinite random graphs obtained as limits of finite statistical mechanical systems: a model of two-dimensional dis-cretized quantum gravity defined in terms of causal triangulated surfaces, and the Ising model on generic random trees. For the former model we describe a relation to the so-called uniform infinite tree and results on the Hausdorff and spectral dimension of

The human hand has so many degrees of freedom that it may seem impossible to control. A potential solution to this problem is "synergy control" which combines dimensionality reduction with great flexibility. With applicability to a wide range of tasks, this has become a very popular concept. In this review, we describe the evolution of the modern concept using studies of kinematic and force synerg

This is the first study on freeze-dried foams prepared from glutenin- and gliadin-rich fractions of wheat gluten and blends thereof. It was found that the foam density and stiffness could be controlled by a suitable choice of the glutenin/gliadin ratio. The glutenin-rich samples had the highest foam densities and the density decreased with increasing gliadin content. The compression modulus also d

This work compares the extent of linear response regions from standard time-resolving optical detectors for phosphor thermometry. Different types of photomultipliers (ordinary and time-gated) as well as an avalanche photodiode were tested and compared using the phosphorescence decay time of cadmium tungstate (CdWO4). Effects originating from incipient detector saturation are revealed as a change i

The interfacial behavior of aqueous solutions of four different neutral polymers in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been investigated by surface tension measurements and ellipsometry. The polymers comprised linear poly(ethylene oxide) with low and high molecular masses (10 (3) and 10 (6) Dalton (Da), respectively), and two high molecular mass methacrylate-based comb polymers conta