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The articular cartilage consists of cartilage cells (also known as chondrocytes) surrounded by extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is a network of proteins and sugar molecules and contains a large proportion of water. The water helps to create an impact-absorbing effect in the joint and reduces joint friction. As it is the cartilage cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matr

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/about-osteoarthritis/cartilage - 2026-05-17

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects not only the cartilage but the entire joint, i.e., the synovium, the joint capsule, the synovial fluid, the menisci, the ligaments, the muscles, and the bones. The exact order in which the joint is affected is not clear and can most likely differ from case to case. However, the main sign of the disease is cartilage degeneration which impairs joint function. A healthy jo

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/about-osteoarthritis/joint - 2026-05-17

Osteoarthritis increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and depression. People with osteoarthritis (OA) face an increased risk of developing comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, depression, stroke, and diabetes. Greater risk of dying from cardiovascular disease Research on the link between OA and cardiovascular disease has shown that people living with knee OA for 10 years o

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/about-osteoarthritis/comorbidities-oa - 2026-05-17

Although osteoarthritis is the most common rheumatic disease, there are a number of other rheumatic diseases that share similar symptoms. Joint pain can have several causes and is not necessarily a sign of osteoarthritis (OA). OA may be the most common rheumatic disease, but it is not the only disease that causes symptoms such as pain and stiffness of the joints. Other causes of joint pain include

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/about-osteoarthritis/similar-diseases - 2026-05-17

How do I recognize osteoarthritis? How is osteoarthritis treated? Do I need surgery? It’s completely normal that several questions come to mind when talking or thinking about the most common joint disease. Below we answer some of the most frequently asked questions on OA. What are the early signs of osteoarthritis?What should I do if I suspect osteoarthritis?What is the cure for osteoarthritis?Why

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/about-osteoarthritis/osteoarthritis-faq - 2026-05-17

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ACL The abbreviation for the anterior cruciate ligament. The ACL is one of two cruciate ligaments in the knee that gives the knee stability. Aggrecan A proteoglycan (a protein to which long carbohydrate chains are attached) is a central component of the extracellular matrix in the articular cartilage. The function of aggrecan is to draw water into

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/about-osteoarthritis/osteoarthritis-z - 2026-05-17

There are many misconceptions about osteoarthritis. Below we debunk four of the most common myths about the joint disease. Myth 1: OA only affects the elderly No. The risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA) does increase with age; however, even young adults may develop the disease. OA in young people is in most cases due to a previous joint injury. Myth 2: OA is a wear and tear injury and exercise

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/about-osteoarthritis/common-oa-myths - 2026-05-17

Losing weight can reduce osteoarthritis pain and increase joint mobility. Overweight, obesity, and osteoarthritis More than 1.9 billion adults over the age of 18 are overweight. A BMI (body mass index) of over 25 is deemed overweight and a BMI of over 30 indicates obesity. Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). The prevalence of overweight and obesity is steadily incre

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/oa-treatments/weight-loss - 2026-05-17

Painkillers and anti-inflammatory medications are sometimes necessary as an addition to first-line treatment. Although research is underway, there is currently no medication that can slow down, stop, or reverse the progress of osteoarthritis (OA). However, there are several painkillers and anti-inflammatory medications that provide temporary symptom relief. First-line treatment (information, exerc

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/oa-treatments/drugs-medications-oa - 2026-05-17

Assistive devices including mobility aids and ergonomic tools can make everyday life easier for people with osteoarthritis. For people suffering from, knee, hip, or hand osteoarthritis (OA), it may become increasingly difficult to carry out everyday tasks and activities. This difficulty can negatively impact a person’s quality of life. Luckily, a variety of mobility aids, orthopaedic aids, and erg

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/oa-treatments/assistive-devices - 2026-05-17

TENS, acupuncture, and hyaluronic acid injections are examples of alternative treatments that may relieve osteoarthritis symptoms. According to research, most alternative treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) provide either minimal and limited symptom relief or are no better than placebo. However, the placebo effect should not be undermined, as it can be very strong, having the ability to make a pers

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/oa-treatments/alternative-treatments - 2026-05-17

Glucosamine, rosehip, and turmeric are examples of natural remedies that are said to be able to relieve osteoarthritis symptoms. Several different herbal medicines and supplements are marketed for osteoarthritis (OA) symptom relief. Examples of common herbal medicines include rosehip powder, turmeric, ginger, and green-lipped mussel. These natural medicines are sometimes used as anti-inflammatory

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/oa-treatments/herbal-medicines-supplements - 2026-05-17

PRP and cartilage cell transplantation for osteoarthritis are still considered controversial treatments. PRP and cartilage cell transplantation as treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) remain controversial. They are considered experimental treatments and lack scientific evidence to support their use for treating OA. More clinical studies are needed to be able to draw proper conclusions about the poss

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/oa-treatments/prp-cartilage-transplantation - 2026-05-17

Arthroplasty is the most common surgical procedure for patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA). Between 25,000–30,000 knee and hip arthroplasties are performed each year in Sweden. During an arthroplasty, the damaged joint is replaced either partially (half knee replacement) or completely (total knee replacement) with an artificial joint made from plastic and/or metal. Most patients undergo

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/oa-treatments/joint-replacement-surgery - 2026-05-17

Apart from arthroplasty, other surgical procedures can be performed on osteoarthritis-affected joints. Which procedure is most appropriate largely depends on the joint affected. Despite joint replacement surgery being the most commonly performed surgery on people with osteoarthritis (OA), other OA-affected joints such as the big toe or wrist may also require some form of surgery. If other treatmen

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/oa-treatments/other-joint-surgeries - 2026-05-17

Aerobic exercise, strength training, or individualized exercises? There are several ways to keep physically active if you have osteoarthritis. Aerobic exercise Regular aerobic exercise not only relieves osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms but also improves physical and mental health. Aerobic exercise is exercise that increases both heart rate and the body’s oxygen uptake. Increased oxygen uptake not only

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/exercise-and-oa/types-exercise - 2026-05-17

Here you can find instructional videos with exercises for both knee and hip osteoarthritis. Keep in mind that these are only examples. Exercises should be individualized based on age, mobility, flexibility, and pain severity with the help of a physiotherapist. The knee and hip exercises can easily be performed both at home and in the gym.  For example, if you don't have a stepper at home, you can

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/exercise-and-oa/exercise-examples - 2026-05-17

A previous joint injury increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis already between the ages of 25-35. Young athletes who have suffered an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear or a meniscus injury may proceed to develop knee osteoarthritis already 15-20 years after their injury. Being diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA) at an early age is thereby not uncommon and there is a strong link between

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/young-osteoarthritis/oa-after-joint-injury - 2026-05-17

A previous joint injury is the most common cause of osteoarthritis in young individuals. Injury prevention training should therefore be integrated into sports practice to reduce the risk of knee injuries and thus minimize the risk of developing osteoarthritis later in life. To prevent knee injuries and thereby also prevent osteoarthritis (OA), it is crucial that sports clubs make injury prevention

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/young-osteoarthritis/injury-prevention - 2026-05-17

I-PROTECT is a research project focusing on the implementation of injury prevention training for youth handball players (13-17-year-olds) in Sweden. The project is a collaboration between Lund University, the handball clubs H43 Lund and LUGI HF, the Regional Handball Federation in South Sweden, and the Swedish Handball Federation. Together, we develop and implement injury prevention training progr

https://www.arthritisportal.lu.se/young-osteoarthritis/i-protect - 2026-05-17