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This thesis is ultimately concerned with a natural and optimal generalization of the familiar Bell state measurement on four basis states. Measurements in quantum mechanics are interactive processes, meaning the observer actively changes the state they extract information from. Different measurements differ in the degree of the disturbance induced, and in the amount and type of information gained.
The scramjet engine is an air-breathing engine that can be used to travel at supersonic speeds. Research is being done into how these engines can be used as reusable launch vehicles for space travel, missile propulsion, and many hope one day scramjets can be used for commercial flight. Scramjets are highly beneficial in the sense that hydrogen is the primary fuel and that manufacturing is simple c
Introduction: The forest industry might not be the first thing to come to mind when thinking of chemistry, but the analysis of cooking chemicals in wood pulping involves many laboratory methods. Background: The chemical recovery cycle is an integral part of the Kraft process, which makes laboratory analyses of different steps of the process necessary. In the recovery boiler, sulfur is reduced to
Background: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a hereditary disease that affects the connective tissue of the body. Common symptoms include stretchy and frail skin, hypermobility, joint pain and chronic fatigue, although the disease is associated with many more symptoms. Because of this, the disease often remains un- or misdiagnosed. The interactions between patients with EDS and healthcare professio
Background: In recent years, Sweden, together with the rest of the world, has faced an increased demand of the primary healthcare (PHC), due to a growing and aging population. Innovation has been pointed out as a tool aiding PHC to meet new challenges. Included in the concept of innovation is organizational innovation and innovation facilitating culture. The prior being one type of innovation whil
During migration birds are exposed to several challenges, one of these are the potential threat of getting oxidative stressed. Oxidative stress can be defined as when free radicals are produced in a vastly amount so antioxidants cannot detoxify them. This is the case at higher metabolic rate such as migratory flight, and probably during hyperphagia at stop-over. The aim of this paper was to invest
Businesses today face significant challenges in sustaining themselves amidst intense competitive pressures. In this context, strategic positioning and differentiation strategies are fundamental for companies seeking to set themselves apart and gain a competitive edge. This study focuses on how consumer brands in highly competitive markets, leverage these strategies to achieve a Sustainable Competi
Annual cropping systems dominate agricultural grain production, but have been linked to several key environmental issues, such as loss of biodiversity and pollution of groundwater. Newly developed perennial grains may offer solutions to some of those problems. Their longer roots and growing seasons theoretically enable them to act as sinks of atmospheric carbon. This study set out to compare soil-
Vi kan idag se en ökande urbanisering i världen, 2018 bodde 53% av jordens befolkning i städer, en siffra som väntas öka till 60% till år 2030. Samtidigt mänsklighetens utsläpp av växthusgaser gett upphov till ökade temperaturer, som i sin tur leder till förändrade nederbördsmönster, vilka manifesteras i form av bland annat extrema regn. Detta har lett till ett ökat behov av att göra städer mer håThere is an increasing urbanization taking place in the world today, in 2018, 53% of the global population lived in cities, a figure that is expected to rise to 60% by 2030. At the same time, anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gasses give rise to increasing temperatures, which in turn lead to changed precipitation patterns, which manifest in the form of extreme rain events among other phenomena
Det har funnits expertskatteregler i Sverige sedan 2001. Reglerna ger vissa utländska personer möjlighet till skattelättnader i syfte att göra det mer attraktivt för högkvalificerade arbetstagare att flytta till Sverige. Reglerna har sedan införandet kritiserats för att vara oförutsebara, vilket försvårar deras användning som rekryteringsverktyg. För att hantera detta problem utökades reglerna undExpert tax rules have been in place in Sweden since 2001. The rules give certain foreigners the possibility of tax relief to make it more attractive for highly skilled workers to move to Sweden. Since their introduction, the rules have been criticized for being unpredictable, making them difficult to use as a recruitment tool. To address this problem, the rules were extended in 2012, but the probl
Situationen rörande undervattenskablar och ledningar är mer aktuella än någonsin. Med bakgrund i den allt snabbare digitaliseringen i världen, har denna typ av infrastruktur blivit allt viktigare givet dess användning för kommunikationstjänster och energitillgångar. Detta har gjort sådan infrastruktur en sårbar måltavla för hybridkrigföring. Under de senaste tre åren har sådana situationer utspelaThe situation regarding submarine cables and pipelines is more relevant than ever. As the world’s digitalisation keeps increasing, submarine infrastructure acquires more and more importance due to its vitality for communication services and energy reliability, thus becoming a vulnerable target for hybrid warfare. Such acts of deliberate sabotage have surged, with seven incidents being reported in
Greywater, which comes from household sources such as showers, laundry, and dishwashing, is typically less polluted than toilet wastewater and can be treated and reused. In Helsingborg, Sweden, the RecoLab collects and treats greywater from Oceanhamnen separately as part of a source-separated wastewater system. However, the system has experienced is-sues with filamentous bacteria overgrowth, raisi
According to the UN Environment Programme, the construction sector is responsible for 37% of global energy and process-related CO₂ emissions. In Sweden, the latest data from Boverket – the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning – indicates that this sector accounts for 22.1% of the country's total greenhouse gas emissions. As part of national climate efforts, Fossilfritt Sver
Despite generous welfare and family policies, Sweden has a sizeable positive socioeconomic gradient in fertility; those with higher incomes have more children than those with lower incomes. While this positive socioeconomic gradient in fertility is not a new phenomenon in Sweden, a similar shift towards a positive fertility gradient is more recently seen in other high-income countries as well. Amo
Kommuner kan med stöd av 10 kap. 1 § KL överlämna skötseln av kommunala angelägenheter till privata utförare. Vid ett sådant överlämnande behåller kommunen huvudmannaskapet och det övergripande politiska ansvaret för verksamheten. Till skillnad från offentliga organ omfattas privata utförare inte av offentlighetsprincipen, vilket innebär att kommunen på annat sätt måste tillförsäkra sig informatioMunicipalities may transfer the management of municipal responsibilities to private contractors pursuant to 10 kap. 1 § KL. When such a transfer takes place, the municipality retains principal responsibility and overall political accountability for the activity. Unlike public bodies, private contractors are not subject to the principle of public access, which means that the municipality must ensur
Problem Definition: Ericsson wants to increase their focus on reducing the total cost of packaging for the company in the whole world. They want to create a simple calculation model that can calculate the total packaging cost and compare different packaging solutions (country, freight, packaging, and product) in order to find the most cost effective packaging solution. This will facilitate the dev
Drawing on concepts from cognitive semiotics and phenomenology, this thesis investigates how Japanese ideophones are perceived by non-speakers of Japanese, aiming to clarify key concepts such as iconicity, cross-modality/unimodality and the ultimately the nature of language as a semiotic system. Three research questions guided the study: (1) What is the relation between primary and secondary iconi
Introduction: Turnover rates among health-care personnel are rising, which could jeopardise patient safety and the quality of care. One contributing factor to the high turnover is the prevalence of mental distress. Stress of conscience among healthcare personnel has been shown to affect them negatively, and feeling that they cannot provide the care their patients need increases their stress levels
Background: The presence of cancer in pelvic lymph nodes removed during radical surgery for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a key determinant of patient outcome. It would be beneficial to predict node status preoperatively to tailor the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and extent of lymph node dissection. Of 12 published node status predictors based on tumor RNA expression signatures, non
This article examines how generative artificial intelligence (AI) design platforms are reshaping fashion and textile design by mediating creative processes, reconfiguring design roles and influencing aesthetic outcomes. While these design practices have traditionally relied on embodied techniques such as sketching or draping, AI platforms shift the creative process towards prompt-writing, thus tra
