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This paper discusses what has been learnt from housing and local development programmes in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua supported and funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) during the last 15 years. It identifies common financial mechanisms that have proven to be effective and affordable by the urban poor in their search for better h
Infection of the stomach by Helicobacter pylori is ubiquitous among humans. However, although H. pylori strains from different geographic areas are associated with clear phylogeographic differentiation(1-4), the age of an association between these bacteria with humans remains highly controversial(5,6). Here we show, using sequences from a large data set of bacterial strains that, as in humans, gen
A new family of polymer conjugates is proposed to overcome constraints in the applicability of aqueous two-phase systems for the recovery of lactic acid. Polyethylene glycol-polyethylenimine (PEI) conjugates and ethylene oxide propylene oxide-PEI (EOPO-PEI) conjugates were synthesized. Aqueous two-phase systems were generated when the conjugates were mixed with fractionated dextran or crude hydrol
We develop a new elementary move for simulations of polymer chains in torsion angle space. The method is flexible and easy to implement. Tentative updates are drawn from a (conformation-dependent) Gaussian distribution that favors approximately local deformations of the chain. The degree of bias is controlled by a parameter b. The method is tested on a reduced model protein with 54 amino acids and
Heart failure occurs in 2 - 3% of the adult population in the developed world. With decompensation of cardiac function, haemodynamic stability can be achieved by using intravenous vasodilators, diuretics and inotropes. Unlike traditional inotropes, Ca2+, sensitisers enhance cardiac function without significantly increasing cardiac oxygen consumption, promoting arrhythmia or impairing lusitropy. Th
The prediction of impurity peaking in future fusion devices such as ITER necessitates the study of the dependence on Z of the impurity transport in present devices. In this paper we describe a novel technique to determine the transport of impurities with different atomic numbers independently. A technique has been developed that allows simultaneously the measurement of the transport of Ne and Ar i
A selective and sensitive method is presented for biogenic amines (BA) determination. The novelty consists in coupling a highly selective electrochemical biosensor to a weak acid cation-exchange column for online detection of amines. A bienzyme design, based on a recently isolated amine oxidase from grass pea and commercial horseradish peroxidase, was used for the biosensor construction. The enzym
An early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is required to initiate symptomatic treatment with currently approved drugs and will be of even greater importance if disease modifying compounds in development display a clinical effect. Protein profiles of human cerebrospinal fluid samples from AD patients (n = 95) and population-based healthy controls (n = 72) were analyzed by SELDI-TO
The effects of input data uncertainty on the critical loads and exceedance estimates for Swedish forest soils was assessed using Monte Carlo simulations of the PROFILE model. The study focuses on the effects of data uncertainty on the 5%-ile critical load at 150 × 150 km resolution and the 95%-ile exceedance at 150 × 150 km and 50 × 50 km resolution. The results indicate that data uncertainty limi
A review and expansion of the fundamental processes of the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism for nanowires is presented. Although the focus is on nanowires, most of the concepts may be applicable to whiskers, nanotubes, and other unidirectional growth. Important concepts in the VLS mechanism such as preferred deposition, supersaturation, and nucleation are examined. Nanowire growth is feas
Abstract. In this paper we examine subalgebras on two generators in the univariate polynomial ring. A set, S, of polynomials in a subalgebra of a polynomial ring is called a canonical basis (also referred to as SAGBI basis) for the subalgebra if all lead monomials in the subalgebra are products of lead monomials of polynomials in S. In this paper we prove that a pair of polynomials ff; gg is a can
A chip for digital intermediate frequency filtering is introduced. The filter is intended move most of the analog intermediate frequency filtering to the digital domain in systems like the American mobile radio system (IS-54). It is a wave digital lattice filter realized with bit-serial arithmetic. Furthermore, a technique for local clocks on chip is presented. The method is based on a ring oscill
Our purpose is to find factors that are important for expected returns and risk of Swedish industrial portfolios during 1980–1997. The tested factors are supposed to be essential for a small open economy. We take into account the small sample problem that surfaces in the form of firms dominating the value weighted test portfolios. An extreme bound analysis (EBA) investigates the robustness of the
ATP-dependent priming of the secretory granules precedes Ca(2+)-regulated neuroendocrine secretion, but the exact nature of this reaction is not fully established in all secretory cell types. We have further investigated this reaction in the insulin-secreting pancreatic B-cell and demonstrate that granular acidification driven by a V-type H(+)-ATPase in the granular membrane is a decisive step in
Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies are the hallmark of anti-GBM disease, which is characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. We describe the case of a 58-year-old woman who presented with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with typical anti-GBM staining found by means of direct immunofluorescence microscopy, associated with linear immunoglobin G deposits on t
The transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) plays a central role in mediating Ca(2+)-dependent gene transcription in a variety of cell types. Sustained increases in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) are presumed to be required for NFAT dephosphorylation by the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein calcineurin and its subsequent nuclear translocation. Here, we pr
A time-gated ballistic imaging instrument is used to obtain high-spatial-resolution, single-shot images of the liquid core in a water spray issuing into a gaseous crossflow. We describe further development of the diagnostic technique to improve spatial resolution and present images and statistics for various jets under crossflow experimental conditions (different Weber numbers). Series of these im
Reliable performance evaluation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can be done by simulating the plant behavior over a wide range of influent disturbances, including series of rain events with different intensity and duration, seasonal temperature variations, holiday effects, etc. Such simulation-based WWTP performance evaluations are in practice limited by the long simulation time of the mech
