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In virtually every organization we find formally appointed managers, but nevertheless we tend to condemn the idea of formal hierarchy and celebrate alternative modes of governance that better respect the discretion of employees. This tension, that seemingly surrounds the vertical dimension of contemporary organizations, forms the backdrop of this study which examines how superiors and subordinates

Abstract The overarching aim of this paper is to investigate the importance of technological shifts and national macroeconomic preconditions for long term growth and structural transformation in various regions in a national regional system. Intrinsic to this, the issue and origin of divergence and convergence coming in repetitive waves in regional systems will be discussed as a possible contribut

The objective of this thesis is to develop a strategy for statistical/econometric inferences applicable to systemwise testing of econometric models. A common deficiency in many applied econometric studies is the absence of statistical diagnostic testing. A model is only as good as the assumptions being used, and if these assumptions are incorrect then the model can be as good as worthless. In the

Scholars have argued that the end of the Cold War and the War on Terror have radically changed the context of war and defense, diminished the role of nation-states in favor of multi-lateral defense activities, and placed a new focus on human security. International peacekeeping has superseded the traditional act of war-making as the most important defense strategy among wealthy, liberal-democratic

The aim of this study, ”Botanical pictures for the public: On the publication of Carl Lindman’s Bilder ur Nordens flora”, is to investigate the process of how botanical illustrations are designed and produced and how they reach their readers. The perspective is that of book history. The study is based on a large body of previously unresearched empirical material consisting of originals, printed pi

The thermal insulation of clothing is commonly determined by dry thermal manikins either made of plastic or metal. For the determination of evaporative resistance of clothing ensemble, there exist three types of manikin methods: pre-wetted underwear or “skin” covered on dry manikins, the manikin with regulated constant water supply to the “skin” surface and the sweating fabric manikin based on a w

Effects of ambient and elevated temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) on CO2 assimilation rate and the structural and phenological development of shoots during their first growing season were studied in 45-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) enclosed in whole-tree chambers. Continuous measurements of net assimilation rate (NAR) in individual buds and s

The definition of Validation and Verification (V&V) tests for analysing evacuation model capabilities is the object of a large debate among researchers given the lack of an international standard. Four main types of tests have been reported in the literature, 1) component testing, 2) functional verification, 3) qualitative verification and 4) quantitative validation. An important issue relates

In 1994, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was adopted as part of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO). Pursuant to the TRIPS Agreement copyright protection of computer programs for the first time had received explicit recognition on the international level. Despite obligating all WTO Members to protect computer programs as lite

An improved understanding of the response of forest ecosystems to elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere is crucial because atmospheric CO2 concentration continues to increase at an accelerating rate and forests are an important sink in the global carbon cycle. Several CO2-enrichment experiments have now been running for more than 10 years, with highly variable short-term results after the first

Urban Squares suggests a specific and fresh take on agorology – the study of urban squares. The approach is one of recording everyday life and focusing on different ways to describe and investigate the public life and space of urban squares. The book comprises four empirical case studies of squares focusing especially on the urban material culture and spatio-temporal changes of these squares. The

Bioremediation of soils is considered a low-cost alternative to other remediation techniques. Its ability to remove a number of different pollutants has been demonstrated, relying mainly on the activities of indigenous soil bacteria. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered major environmental pollutants in soil, some of them being toxic and others carcinogenic. Since high-molecu

Climate change has the potential to alter hydrological regimes and to expand saturated areas in permafrost environments, which are important sources of organic carbon. The sources, transfer zones, and delivery mechanisms of carbon into the stream network are controlled by the morphometric properties of the catchment; however, the utility and limitations of these properties as predictors of dissolv

The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has published evidence-based guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease since 1999. In conjunction with advice from internal and external reviewers and expert consultants in the field, this update is based on a systematic review of the literature centred on the following: the Population (P), Intervention (I), Co

Background and purpose — Joint contracture is a common problem among children with cerebral palsy (CP). To prevent severe contracture and its effects on adjacent joints, it is crucial to identify children with a reduced range of motion (ROM) early. We examined whether significant hip, knee, or foot contracture occurs earliest in children with CP. Patients and methods — This was a longitudinal stud