The aim of this thesis was to study the endosonographic morphology of the anal sphincter in women, to establish an endosonographic sphincter defect score and to relate it to anal incontinence and anal sphincter pressure. A further aim was to determine intra-observer and inter-observer agreement in detection of endosonographic anal sphincter defects. An endosonographic anal sphincter defect classif

Birds on migration alternate between consuming fuel stores during flights and accumulating fuel stores during stopovers. This thesis highlights some of the ways in which migrating birds have adapted to the different demands of fuelling and flight. Most of the time on migration is spent at stopover sites accumulating fuel stores. To minimise the total time spent on migration, birds should fuel up a

Popular Abstract in Icelandic Við könnumst flest öll við prótín (eggjahvítuefni) af innihaldslýsingu hvers kyns matvæla. En prótín eru annað og meira en bara orkugjafi. Prótín gegna fjölmörgum veigamiklum hlutverkum í nær öllum líffræðilegum ferlum. Þau hraða ýmsum efnahvörfum, flytja efni í gegnum frumuhimnur, aðstoða við boðskipti bæði innan og á milli fruma, og gegna mikilvægu hlutverki í starfAlthough organisms have evolved sophisticated cellular mechanisms for regulating their various protein networks, proteins sometimes start to clump together in an uncontrolled way. The aggregation of proteins has been associated with a range of serious diseases. In this thesis we develop and apply theoretical computer models to investigate different aspects of the aggregation process, and its under

Aim: To non-invasively detect and explore the changes in atrial fibrillatory cycle length (i.e. changes in the atrial refractory period) in humans with chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF) following autonomic modulation and pharmacological intervention. Furthermore we investigated if the value of the atrial fibrillatory cycle length could predict outcome following DC-cardioversion. Methods: The stud

This thesis deals with the haemorheological aspects of cardiovascular diseases. The resistance of blood to flow is determined by the rheological properties of blood as well as by organic stenoses and regulatory tonus changes in the vessels. Three idiopathic cardiovascular diseases with a reduced ability to increase blood flow in response to demand were studied. Blood rheology was impaired in a wa

β-Mannoside hydrolases are enzymes that are involved in conversion of the major soft-wood hemicellulose O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan, an important renewable biomass resource. They belong to clan A of glycoside hydrolases and share a common (β/α)8-TIM barrel fold. For their catalysis, they use a two-step retaining double displacement mechanism, and may in addition to hydrolysis also perform transgly

External fixation has been more commonly used during the last decades for correction of bone and soft tissue deformities and in frcture healing. The most common complication of external fixation is pin site infection. Two hundred and nineteen younger and/or physically active patients (mean age 53 (18-75) years) suffering from knee osteoarthritis (OA) or knee deformities operated on by hemicallota

To ensure the beam with an ultralow emittance and high current the possible effects deteriorating the beam stability must be investigated. When ultrarelativistic particles travel in the vacuum chamber they induce electromagnetic fields which can act back on them and the following particles. The interaction of the beam with the surrounding environment can be described by wakefields in time domain a

Hypertensive individuals, even non-obese, have been shown to be resistant to the insulin-mediated glucose uptake in peripheral tissues {mainly skeletal muscle}. The aim of this study was to investigate hypothetical pathophysiological mechanisms for the development of hypertension with regard to insulin sensitivity in normotensive men with a family history of hypertension (RELs) as compared to men

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from pancreatic dysfunction and insulin resistance. It is a common disorder with a complex pattern of inheritance, likely to reflect the influence of multiple genetic and environmental factors on the diabetes risk. The aim of thesis was to identify genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes. In a g

Background: Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) has been used to reduce spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP) for decades. The purpose of this study was to analyze to what extent BTX-A treatment was used to treat spasticity in a total population of children with CP. We investigated 1) the use of BTX-A in relation to age, sex, and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, 2) the mos

Sustainability in Housing First-pilotsThe Housing First service in Helsingborg (Sweden) started as a pilot project in September 2010. The evaluation that we carried out during the services first years showed positive results, including a high housing stability rate. The results of the evaluation became important arguments when the city of Helsingborg decided to make the Housing first project to a

I denna bok presenteras sexton uppsatser som belyser centrala och aktuella affärsrättsliga frågor. Efter ett fylligt introduktionskapitel följer uppsatser som bl.a. behandlar frågor kring handel och uthyrning över internet, delningsplattformar, avtalsfrihet, entreprenad, ansvarsbegränsningar, konsumenttjänster, marknadsföring, kommersiella truster, övergång av verksamheter, processuella överenskom