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The cross-disciplinary field of materials science emerged and grew to prominence in the second half of the twentieth century, drawing theoretical and experimental strength from the rapid progress in several natural sciences disciplines and connecting to many industrial applications. In this article, we chronicle and analyze how materials science established itself in Swedish universities in the 19
The constant increase in global energy demand makes it inevitable to find clean means of energy production. Among renewable energy sources, the Sun is the most available source which makes it a versatile solution for energy needs. Tremendous efforts are made to invent and develop new materials for light to energy conversion. The main question is how the newly developed materials react to light and
The effect of initial texture on the stored energy is investigated. Uniaxially loaded polycrystalline materials with initial textures based on the Goss component and the Brass component are analyzed. For reference purposes a single crystal and an initial isotropic crystal orientation distribution are also analyzed. Special attention is directed at the thermomechanical behavior of polycrystalline m
We show that high harmonic generation driven by an intense near-infrared (IR) laser can be temporally controlled when an attosecond pulse train (APT) is used to ionize the generation medium, thereby replacing tunnel ionization as the first step in the well-known three-step model. New harmonics are formed when the ionization occurs at a well-defined time within the optical cycle of the IR field. Th
Lipase has been encapsulated in ordered mesoporous materials in a one-step process. The procedure is simple and leads to well structured materials with enzyme loadings higher than those obtained through the post-synthesis approach. In the final bottle-around-the-ship material the enzyme would be entrapped in silica cages whose entrances are smaller than the enzyme itself. Therefore, reagents and p
Despite its long history, the Theory of Characteristic Modes has only been utilized in antenna design for perfect electric conductors. This is due to computational problems associated with dielectrics and magnetic materials. In particular, the symmetric form of the PMCHWT surface formulation for the Method of Moments (MoM) solves for both external (real) and internal (non-real) resonances of a str
The recently introduced Gas in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy (GASMAS) technique is applied to the study of various wood samples. Molecular oxygen in the pores of the strongly scattering material is detected using diode laser spectroscopy around 760 nm. Diffuse light propagation in these media is studied by time-dispersion measurements. Furthermore, anisotropy related to the fibre struct
1. In order to prove a copyright exception not contemplated in the Act but based on long-standing practice the defendant must show strong evidence that goes beyond a usual practice in the business.2. The use of a copyright-protected work even in a commercial or marketing context can be of such secondary importance that – notwithstanding that the rights holder has not permitted the use – it would nThe present article grapples with the concept of de minimis in European copyright law in light of the ruling by the Danish Supreme Court in Würtz v Coop Denmark. The article begins with a brief background of the case. The second section delves into the concept of de minimis and its origins and framing in European copyright law. The third section compares the concept to US legislation and case law
Energy from buildings accounts for almost 40% of global energy-related carbon emissions. A way to reduce both energy consumption in buildings as well as their environmental impact is to use bio-based insulation materials such as cellulose, wood or hemp fiber insulation. Experiences from modern buildings built with a timber-frame structure and insulated with bio-based materials show that these buil
Materials with heterogeneous microstructures architected across several scales are becoming increasingly popular in structural applications due to unique strength–ductility balance. One of the most popular 3D-architected structure designs is harmonic structure (HS) where soft coarse-grain (CG) islands are embedded in a hard continuous 3D skeleton of ultrafine grains (UFGs). In this work, a series
It is expected that fuel cells will play a significant role in a future sustainable energy system. They are energy efficient and fuel can be produced nearly locally. There are no net emissions of greenhouse gases when a renewable fuel such as ethanol, methanol, biogas and hydrogen is used. Fuel cells reached during the latest years various progresses, but the technology is still in the early phase
The various types of phase-change materials (PCMs), which absorb or release stored latent heat when they change phases causing cooling and warming effects, are described and the working principles are outlined. The various ways of incorporating PCMs into textiles for protective clothing are explored, and critical factors identified that determine the effectiveness of PCM cooling and warming effect
Background: The occupational risk of COVID-19 may be different in the first versus second epidemic wave. Aim: To study whether employees in occupations that typically entail close contact with others were at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related hospitalisation during the first and second epidemic wave before and after 18 July 2020, in Norway. Methods: We included individuals in
Increasing extreme heat events in the tropics are creating dangerous environments in schools. There are limited data, however, on the extent of extreme heat in such classrooms and effective heat-mitigation strategies. This study presents the first long-term analysis of classroom temperatures in Ghanaian schools, measuring conditions in 16 classrooms in Accra over 389 days. It highlights the condit
The fire behaviour of bio-based insulation materials is studied by comparing results from Cone Calorimeter and small-scale furnace tests. Clear differences in fire behaviour were observed between wood fibre and hemp fibre insulation. The analysis reveals that smouldering plays a critical role, particularly in furnace tests. Limitations of current fire resistance tests are highlighted, particularly
