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Att ta reda på hur och varför reaktioner sker molekyler emellan är ingen lätt uppgift. Ingen kamera är tillräckligt liten eller känslig (än) för att filma det som händer på molekylnivå. Istället behöver forskare genomföra experiment och samla stora mängder data för att få en bild av hur en reaktion går till, den så kallade reaktionsmekanismen. Att ta reda på reaktionsmekansimer ökar förståelsen föN-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the most common form of sialic acid, a nine-carbon sugar often situated at the ends of glycoconjugates. Its unique reactivity makes it a complex substrate to work on, but new methods are continuously developed. In 2007, Ye et.al. reported a regioselective substitution by morpholine on position 4 of fully acetylated Neu5Ac, with retained stereochemistry. The anom

Under en längre tid har EU-kommissionen utan framgång försökt införa en gemensam skattebas för koncerner som verkar inom EU. Det senaste för-söket, direktivförslaget BEFIT, presenterades 2023. Syftet med BEFIT är att införa bestämmelser som resulterar i en gemensam skattebas för större koncerner inom EU, att möjliggöra enklare gränsöverskridande resultatutjämning för dessa samt underlätta och effeFor a long time, the European Commission has unsuccessfully tried to in-troduce a common consolidated tax base for groups operating within the EU. The latest attempt, the directive proposal BEFIT, was presented in 2023. The purpose of BEFIT is to introduce regulations that result in a common consolidated tax base for larger groups within the EU, enable cross-border loss relief for these and reduce

Inom läkemedelsindustrin är det väldigt viktigt att göra en noggrann kontroll av läkemedel så att de är tillräckligt rena för personen som ska använda dem. En vanlig analysteknik i industrin är HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), som används för att separera och identifiera olika ämnen i exempelvis krämer eller tabletter. Analysmetoden används för att upptäcka orenheter i produkterna. HPLC is one of the most widely used analytical techniques in the pharmaceutical industry used for separation and identification of compounds in complex formulations. Despite its advantages, HPLC method development remains challenging. This is due to the need to optimize multiple interdependent parameters simultaneously, while gaining high precision, reproducibility, and efficiency. Even minor cha

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), atmospheric methane (CH4) concentrations are considered a crucial factor in global warming, particularly in the near term, due to its high warming potential (~ 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide, or CO2) and shorter atmospheric lifetime compared to CO2. CH4 emissions have more than doubled since the industrial revolution and

The average Swede uses 140 liters of water everyday. This combined with the usage in industry means that Swedish municipal water treatment plants produce approximately 900 billion liters of clean and safe drinking water every year. This does not include the fact that all water flowing to a treatment plant needs to be treated before being sent back out into the environment. These facts hint at what

Uppsatsen har som syfte att kritiskt granska försvarlighetsbedömningen och excessbedömningen som görs i nödvärnssituationer. Ett psykologiskt perspektiv används för att analysera huruvida Högsta domstolen har skapat en för långtgående skyldighet att fly istället för att försvara sig med våld. Det är endast nödvärn vid brottsligt angrepp på person som behandlas. Jag använder mig av den rättsdogmatiThe purpose of this essay is to critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgments regarding the justifiability of self-defense and excessive self-defense. A psychological perspective is applied to analyze if the Supreme Court has created a too extensive obligation to escape instead of using violence to defend oneself. This essay only covers self-defense from criminal attacks on a person. I use a le

Det sen-Triassiska massutdöendet (STM) var ett av de fem stora massutdöenden i Fanerozoikum och inträffade för omkring 201 miljoner år sedan. Forskningen är enig om att utdöendet orsakades av vulkanutbrotten associerade med bildandet av den Centralatlantiska magmatiska provinsen (CAMP), som är kopplade till uppbrottet av superkontinenten Pangea. De omfattande vulkaniska utsläppen av CO2 och SO2 leThe end-Triassic mass extinction (ETE) was one of the five big mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic and occurred ~201 Ma ago. Research agrees that the main triggering factor for the ETE was the eruptions of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Volcanic Province (CAMP), linked to the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea. The large amounts of CO2 and SO2 released from the volcanic eruptions had a series o

Detta examensarbete ämnar att undersöka integration av tre olika teknologier till en havsbaserad vindkraftspark, om det är ekonomiskt gynnsamt samt hur kraftfluktuationerna till elnätet påverkas. Genom att kombinera olika förnybara kraftsystem kan man minska variabiliteten och kostnaderna kopplade till installation och drift av systemen. Även fast investeringar i annan förnybar energi utöver vindkThe high penetration of wind power is increasing the intermittency and power variability into the existing power grid. This is forcing industries to look for optimal configurations in order to improve their systems performance and minimize these effects from the power production method. Studies show that there are different ways of reducing the power variability and therefore stabilize the energy

Since the 1950's, mass tourism has become a considerable part of modern western culture. Examining where, why and how people have traveled can tell us a lot about people's habits and cultural frames of reference. Yet, the area of tourism history is fairly uncharted, with travelogs being one of the more prevalent objects of interest for academic research. Research focused on travel guides a

Det boreala skogslandskapet har allvarligt fragmenterats på grund av mänsklig exploatering, vilket har lett till en nedsättning av deras omfattande värde i, bland annat, ekosystemtjänster, biologisk mångfald, och kultur. För att bevara det boreala skogslandskapet är det avgörande att skydda de kvarvarande fragmenten av landskapet samtidigt som att återställa den strukturella och funktionella ansluBoreal forest landscapes have undergone severe anthropogenic fragmentation and their enormous values concerning, e.g., ecosystem service, biodiversity and culture are hazarded. Maintenance of the remaining intact boreal forest landscapes and restoring the structural and functional connectivity among these remnants are essential for boreal forest conservation. In Sweden, such conservation tasks are

År 2022 genomfördes en omfattande reform av den svenska arbetsrätten, med fokus på bland annat att modernisera lag (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS). Reformen utgick från januariavtalet 2019 där regeringen åtog sig att lägga fram lagstiftningsförslag som stämde överens med en eventuell partsöverenskommelse framtagen av arbetsmarknadens parter vilket resulterade i ett nytt Huvudavtal som blev grIn 2022, a major reform of Swedish labour law was implemented, with one of its key objectives being the modernisation of the Employment Protection Act (LAS). The reform originated from the 2019 January Agreement and granted certain labour market organisations an active and norm-setting role in the drafting of legislative proposals. The government committed to presenting legislative initiatives in

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at the time of diagnosis of adult-onset type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes, in a recent cohort and compare to a previous cohort from the same region. Further, to explore factors influencing the prevalence of pre-existing CVD, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and C-peptide; in the later cohort also heart failure, hy

Cellulosa är den vanligaste biopolymeren på jorden och en viktig reservoar av organiskt kol i terrestra ekosystem. I skogar kommer mycket av denna cellulosa från trä och bryts ner av saprotrofa basidiomyceter. Dessa svampar klassificeras traditionellt som vitröta eller brunröta baserat på deras sönderfallsmekanismer i lignocellulosasubstrat. Huruvida dessa funktionella kategorier förblir distinktaCellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth and a major reservoir of organic carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. In forests, much of this cellulose originates from wood and is decomposed by saprotrophic basidiomycetes. These fungi are traditionally classified as white rot or brown rot species based on their decay mechanisms in lignocellulosic substrates. Whether these functional categories re

Despite the average 5-year survival rate exceeding 85%, childhood cancer is still the most common cause of disease-related death among children in Sweden. A cancer diagnosis is profoundly traumatic not only for children themselves, but also for the entire family, particularly the primary caregivers, their parents. This project aimed to investigate the extent to which a childhood cancer diagnosis a

Feminists, like many others, want to make a difference. They are interested in social change. They are especially interested in the ways this concerns the position of women in our societies. In order to accomplish this, the different actors within the women’s movements of Europe must be present in the political arenas where decisions are made. This concerns white indigenous women, as well as Black

Endoscopic resection of colorectal polyps reduce morbidity and mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC).Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a highly efficient and established method for treating advanced colorectal lesions in Asia, but experience of ESD in Western countries is limited. Large non-pedunculated colorectal lesions are prone to malignant transformation and it is therefore important

Tourism is an industry with considerable environmental and social impacts; in order to stimulate reduction of these impacts, voluntary recognition schemes i.e. ecolabels and certification programmes have been introduced to motivate tourism businesses to improve their environmental performance, encourage more sustainable practices and patterns in this branch of economy, provide information to touri

Three cases decided by the CFI, Airtours, Schneider Electric and Tetra Laval, along with the ECJ's judgement in the appeal of the Tetra Laval case, may have changed the way the Courts and the Commission approach questions of proof in the future. In these cases, the CFI did not hesitate to conclude: ''the contested decision does not establish to the requisite legal standard that the mod

A powerful cartel forces customers to pay significantly more for products and eliminates competition since its participants do not need to improve their productivity or the quality of their products. Cartels have historically exercised great influence over the international economy. During the inter-war period cartels were so powerful that economists have estimated that international cartels contr

The ICTY and the ICTR were established in the 1990s to determine individual accountability for mass atrocities. The tribunals have had a great impact on the development of international criminal law, yet their effects in the concerned societies have been disputed. As the courts are located outside the territory in which the crimes took place, and are composed of international lawyers and personnel