Stare decisis is the doctrine whereby judges and courts rely on previous cases to support a current decision. This doctrine has been associated with legal reasoning and with positive outcomes such as continuity, stability and predictability of the legal system . In the EU, the ECJ does not strictly adhere to this doctrine, unlike common-law systems. However, this court seldom depart from its case

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 has been hailed as a groundbreaking achievement. It was the first time in which the Security Council addressed women’s issues and a gender mainstreaming strategy was through the agenda introduced to the security domain. National Action Plans or NAPs have been developed in conjunction with the agenda to legitimise, spread and speed up the implementati

Uppsatsen ämnar undersöka förhållandet mellan bevarandet och det hållbara nyttjandet av biologisk mångfald inom Arktis och det internationellrättsliga beaktandet av den redan befintliga kunskapen om detta arbete som finns bevarad hos områdets urfolk. På det internationellrättsliga området finns internationella miljöavtal som utgår från att denna kunskap bör och skall bevaras och tas till vara. DetThis thesis aims to investigate the relationship between the preservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in the Arctic and the consideration within international environmental law of the already existing knowledge on the area that the Arctic indigenous peoples are holders of. In international environmental law there are multilateral environmental agreements that assume that this knowl

Industrialismens frammarsch och utvecklingen mot vidgad näringsfrihet gav arbetsgivare en stark position på arbetsmarknaden. 1898 gick arbetstagarsidan ihop och bildade Landorganisationen, LO. Svenska Arbetsgivarföreningen, SAF, bildades kort därefter som motvikt till LO, och därmed skapades större balans mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. Det första kollektivavtalet mellan parterna, decemberkoIndustrialism's advancement and the development towards a wider freedom of trade gave employers a strong position in the labor market. In 1898 worker organizations joined forces and formed The Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO). Shortly after this the employer organizations answered by forming The Employers Federation (SAF). Thereby a stable balance was created between the employer and wor

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka konkurrensklausulers utformning och verkan, med särskilt fokus på skälighetsbedömningen av sådana klausuler. I uppsatsen används en traditionell rättsvetenskaplig metod. Då rättsläget i viss mån är outrett beträffande arbetsgivarens rätt att ensidigt begränsa eller frånträda en konkurrensklausul, har empiriskt material använts gällande dessa frågeställningar. FrågThe purpose of this essay is to examine the content and effect of non-competition clauses, with a particular focus on the fairness of these clauses. To examine this a traditional legal method is used. Though some aspects are unclear regarding the legal situation concerning the right for an employer to unilaterally reduce and withdraw from a non-competition clause, interviews have been used to exam

I Sverige råder principen om fri bevisföring, vilken stadgas i 35 kap. 1 § RB. Detta innebär att det inte finns någon begränsning vare sig gällande de kunskapskällor som får användas för att bevisa det inträffade, eller gällande domarens frihet vid själva värderingen av bevisen. I doktrinen finns olika bevisvärderingsmetoder beskrivna. De som ofta diskuteras är temametoden, värdemetoden samt hypotIn Sweden there is the principle of freedom of evidence, witch is provided in chapter 35. 1 § RB. This means that there is no restriction regarding the sources of knowledge that may be used to prove the incident or regarding the judge's discretion in the evaluation of the evidence. There are various evidence-methods described in the doctrine. The most discussed methods are the method of theme,

Kenya, like the rest of the world, in an effort to protect its tax base, has enacted a transfer pricing (TP) legislation requiring, among other things, that inter-company transactions be conducted at arm’s length. However, due to the very nature of TP transactions, the determination of the correct arm’s length price or profit margin has remained a major challenge, not only for the taxpayers, but f

Syftet med denna uppsats är att är att förstå vad de största skillnaderna är ideologiskt sett hos Socialdemokraterna och Moderaterna genom att studera begreppen demokrati och välfärd i deras partiprogram samt idéprogram. Min teori baseras på Matilde Millares avhandling där hon påpekar att det idag enbart har skett en ideologisk utveckling, inte att det skulle finnas en överideologi eller en ickeid

Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa normaliseringen av kvinnlig smärta och undersöka den medicinska och politiska diskursen kring sjukdomen endometrios. Min teori härrör från Karin Johannissons bok om hur sjukdomar konstrueras olika ur skilda perspektiv samt Christina Janssons disposition om maktfyllda möten i medicinska rum, vilket bildar perspektivet om att kvinnlig smärta inte tas på allvar

The link between the incurrence of a customs debt and the incurrence of the Value Added Tax on importation, have a parallel nature, as they arise from the importation of goods into the territory of the Community. This link is a result of Article 71 (1) of the VAT Directive. This article authorises member states to link the chargeable event and the chargeability of VAT on importation of goods with

Advance pricing arrangement (“APA”) becomes a common tool to attract foreign investors to carry out their business in the Member States’ territory. The advantage of APA which providing legitimate expectations to the taxpayers is one of the reasons of why the companies file an APA request to the tax authorities. However, APAs are not free from issues or problems arose, especially in relation to t

Milleniemål två och delvis tre har haft som ändamål att alla barn ska få gå i skolan och att skolan ska vara en jämställd plats år 2015. Dessa mål är fortfarande inte uppnådda och framför allt flickor drabbas av detta utfall. Syftet med denna uppsats är således att utvärdera UNESCOs egen tolkning av resultaten av deras projekt Education For All. Detta kommer att uppnås genom en granskning av rappo

This paper aims to explore the role of the Syrian civil society in the ongoing conflict from the concept of transitional justice. Broadening the civil society understanding provides a tool to approach the overlooked social capital in the Syrian society. Exploring the approach from non-profit groups to victims, I aim to understand a possible approach to transitional justice in Syria. I argue for th

The purpose of this work is to investigate the negative legal force of decisions under immigration law compared to under administrative law in general, with the exception of environmental protection law, public purchasing law and certain local government laws. The comparison refers to the underlying ideas, presence, factual extent and protection of the factual extent. Negative legal force of the

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utforska och behandla statschefers rätt till immunitet vid grova folkrättsbrott. Den centrala frågan för uppsatsen är om statschefer idag kan begå brott mot folkrätten och ändå beviljas straffrihet. Immunitet för statschefer har utvecklats ur immuniteten för stater, som är baserad på att varje stat är suverän och likställd med andra stater. Fram till mitten av nittonhuThe aim of this thesis is to explore the status of the immunity afforded to heads of state for serious international crimes. The central question asked is whether heads of state at the present time can commit international crimes and still be granted impunity. The concept of head of state immunity developed from immunity afforded to states and is based on the principles of state-sovereignty and e

After the Arab spring, states in the MENA-region that were enrolled in the popular uprisings are now entering different settings. Some have been more successful, and reaching all the way to democratic consolidation. Others like Egypt are currently experiencing severe backlashes. In this post revolution context, time is starting to run out for an escape out of the transitional maze. Tunisia is not

With nature as its main attraction, ecotourism is promoted as a savior for both development and conservation. However, neoliberal logics of turning biodiversity into commodities have resulted in an increasing amount of ecotourism operators offering interactive experiences with charismatic wildlife. Although the animals are captive and forcefully employed as labor, the encounters are claimed to sup

In a globalized world where power-relations are changing, the need to reformulate the framework of global trade and trade-liberalization to be more conducive for development has been increasingly recognized in trade and development forums. This has resulted in increased donor focus on trade related development assistance and the moral justifications of trade-relations. This thesis set out to quest

Since the creation of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), donor involvement in Palestine has perversely influenced both an institution-building process and a de-mobilization and de-politicization of the Palestinian population. Some even say donors have effected a neoliberal reformation of society. This thesis intends to problematize the influence donors occupy over the incipient national ide

The main focus of this paper is to shed light on an area of research that is relatively new in the Swedish context. A part of the purpose of this study is based on wanting to understand and study why the Swedish veterans who are in need of help and support after coming back home from doing service abroad is not given the appropriate form of help, or alternatively, seeking out the help that is avai