Retail and cities have had a long and intertwined history together. Since the beginning of first cities established, being a hub for commercial exchange has been one of the main elements what makes a city (Söderlind, 2011). Nevertheless, since 1980s, there have been some substantial shifts at the global scale regarding the organization of retail, and in turn, its spatial manifestations in the citi

The accurate reproduction of the spatial and temporal dynamics of marine benthic biodiversity requires the development of mechanistic models, based on the processes that shape macroinvertebrate communities. The modelled entities should, accordingly, be able to adequately represent the many functional roles that are performed by benthic organisms. With this goal in mind, we applied the emergent gro

In order to better understand and predict the dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, we need to first define the functional components of benthic biodiversity and then provide a mechanistic description of how they interact with their abiotic environment, their basic resources and each other. These interactions should be largely controlled by readily available biological traits, making

The conspicuous retreat of the key species Fucus vesiculosus from the deeper parts of its former distribution area in the Baltic Sea has triggered extensive research on the factors that control its growth. Based on recently obtained knowledge on a large number of potential drivers, we developed a numerical model incorporating effects of abiotic factors on the physiological functions of photosynthe

Species richness is the most commonly used but controversial biodiversity metric in studies on aspects of community stability such as structural composition or productivity. The apparent ambiguity of theoretical and experimental findings may in part be due to experimental shortcomings and/or heterogeneity of scales and methods in earlier studies. This has led to an urgent call for improved and mor

The aim of this treatise is to sketch out a strategy how to find a cause and cure for cognitive brain disorders and then primarily Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on recent and little explored research progress. Step one is to find the cause. Recent evolution has supplied the human brain with new astrocytes which regarding their remarkable properties can be expected to harbor the cause of AD and se

At the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, a preparation program was developed for children undergoing lumbar punctures (LPs) during chemotherapy for leukemia or lymphoma. Subsequently, a study was initiated to determine whether a preparation program for children prior (o treatment would reduce their anxiety and improve their cooperation. This study also was undertaken to examine whether reinforcAt the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, a preparation program was developed for children undergoing lumbar punctures (LPs) during chemotherapy for leukemia or lymphoma. Subsequently, a study was initiated to determine whether a preparation program for children prior to treatment would reduce their anxiety and improve their cooperation. This study also was undertaken to examine whether reinforc

The aim of this study was to describe children’s and parents’ perceptions after a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. Semistructured interviews with eight children and eight parents were conducted. The interviews were analyzed using a phenomenographical approach. Both children and parents perceived a sense of security when they received preparation/information. The children perceived tha

The present work explores challenges when assessing organ dose and effective dose concerning image-guided treatments. During these treatments considerable x-ray imaging is employed using technically advanced angiographic x-ray equipment. Thus, the radiation dose to organs and the related radiation risk are relatively difficult to assess. This has implications on the optimisation process, in which

PURPOSE: Investigation of examination technique, image quality, and absorbed dose to the patients in paediatric radiology.MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 19 Swedish hospitals participated in the study. Using a questionnaire, the hospitals described their examination technique for the pelvis, urinary tract, colon, scoliosis, and lung. The image quality and patient dose were experimentally studied f

X-ray examinations of the pelvis and the urinary tract are frequent examinations of children, in which a large part of the trunk is irradiated. The irradiated volume contains many of the most radiation sensitive organs and tissues. The absorbed dose to children during the examination was estimated from measurements with a dose-area product meter and thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDs). Entrance su

The overall aim of the present work was to develop a conceptual framework for managing radiation dose in diagnostic radiology with the intention to support optimisation. An optimisation process was first derived. The framework for managing radiation dose, based on the derived optimisation process, was then outlined. The outset of the optimisation process is four stages: providing equipment, establ

Doses to the eyes of interventional clinicians can exceed 20 mSv. Various protective devices can afford protection to the eyes with the final barrier being protective eyewear. The protection provided by lead glasses is difficult to quantify, and the majority of dosimeters are not designed to be worn under lead glasses. This study has measured dose reduction factors (DRFs) equal to the ratio of the

The optimisation of occupational radiological protection is challenging and a variety of factors have to be considered. Physicians performing image-guided interventions are working in an environment with one of the highest radiation risk levels in healthcare. Appropriate knowledge about the radiation environment is a prerequisite for conducting the optimisation process. Information about the dose

Quality assurance has been identified as an important part of radiation protection and safety for a considerable time period. A rational expansion and improvement of quality assurance is to integrate radiation protection and safety in a management system. The aim of this study was to explore factors influencing the implementing strategy when introducing a management system including radiation prot

Doses to the eyes of interventional radiologists and cardiologists could exceed the annual limit of 20 mSv proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Lead glasses of various designs are available to provide protection, but standard eye dosemeters will not take account of the protection they provide. The aim of this study has been to derive dose reduction factors (DRFs) eq

Optimisation of radiological protection for operators working with fluoroscopically guided procedures has to be performed during the procedure, under varying and difficult conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a system for real-time visualisation of radiation dose rate on optimisation of occupational radiological protection in fluoroscopically guided procedures. In

The overall purpose of this work was to explore how video recordings can contribute to the process of optimising occupational radiation protection in image-guided interventions. Video-recorded material from two image-guided interventions was produced and used to investigate to what extent it is conceivable to observe and assess dose-affecting actions in video recordings. Using the recorded materia