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When the United Nations was created in 1945, states were the only significant decision-makers. Even with the construction of the human rights regime in the aftermath of the Second World War, states were designated as the only duty-bearers who could violate international human rights law. States alone were held responsible for implementing human rights principles by enforcing treaty-based obligatio
In my paper I have emanated from the question when a refusal to deal by an undertaking in a dominant position constitutes an abuse according to article 82 EC Treaty. Article 82 of The Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed in Rome 1957, incorporating the changes made by the Treaty of Amsterdam on 2 October 1997, OJ 1997 C340, pp. 173-308, hereafter referred
A series of copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and the more hydrophobic comonomer N-tert-butylacrylamide (NTBAM), with increasing NTBAM content (i.e., increasing hydrophobicity) were prepared. The adhesion of human epithelial cells on polymer films prepared from copolymers of NIPAM: NTBAM was observed to increase with increasing polymer hydrophobicity. However, in the absence of serum, ce
A multireference second-order perturbation theory using a restricted active space self-consistent field wave function as reference (RASPT2/RASSCF) is described. This model is particularly effective for cases where a chemical system requires a balanced orbital active space that is too large to be addressed by the complete active space self-consistent field model with or without second-order perturb
Background: The first six weeks following a delivery is a critical period for the mother and the newborn. Despite removing out-of-pocket fees at a postnatal care access point in some parts of Uganda, few mothers utilize pre-paid services. Data from a health facility providing pre-paid postnatal care services in rural Eastern Uganda, revealed that only 17.9% of the mothers came back for postnatal c
The formation of the Economic and Monetary Union, combined with the introduction of the euro, further deepened a long-going European economic integration. Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1995 but has not yet given up its independent currency. In this study, we estimate the trade flows that would have occurred between Sweden and its major trading partners if Sweden had joined t
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) serves as the preeminent uniform legal framework governing international sales. Central to its application is Article 8, which prescribes a tripartite hierarchy for interpreting party intent by prioritizing subjective intent, applying the objective reasonable person standard, and mandating a holistic review of al
By utilizing the concept of empowerment and how education can serve as an empowering tool for women, this bachelor thesis aims to examine women’s empowerment through education in the village of Gerupuk in south Lombok, Indonesia. The thesis is based on empirical material consisting of interviews with women from Gerupuk and representatives from Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), United Nation (UN
The volcanic fingerprint on the winter North Atlantic atmospheric circulation and climate is analyzed in six ensemble runs of ECHAM5/MPI-OM covering 800–2000 CE, both for equatorial and Northern Hemisphere (NH) eruptions. Large volcanic eruptions influence climate on both annual and decadal time scales due to dynamic interactions of different climate components in the Earth's system. It is well kn
A design of experiments analysis was performed to investigate the effects of pilot quantity, combustion phasing and exhaust gas recirculation on performance and emissions in a gasoline partially premixed combustion to find out the optimal combination of the all varied parameters. The experimental activities were performed on a light-duty Volvo Euro 6 diesel engine. The test was performed under ste
Objective: To determine factors associated with orthopaedic surgeons’ decision to recommend total joint replacement (TJR) in people with knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA). Design: Cross-sectional study in eleven countries. For consecutive outpatients with definite hip or knee OA consulting an orthopaedic surgeon, the surgeon's indication of TJR was collected, as well as patients’ characteristics in
Since the EU introduced the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 2000, the landscape has received growing attention in spatial planning and environmental impact assessments. To promote implementation of the ELC, the Swedish National Heritage Board proposed its Landscape Vision 2020, which addresses the goal of a ‘holistic landscape policy’. This study examined challenges and benefits brought by
A total of 1280 80-year-old men in the community of Malmö were questioned about smoking habits and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). After a careful medical and duplex ultrasound examination, four groups were selected for further studies: (1) no CVD, non-smokers: (2) no CVD, smokers: (3) CVD, smokers: (4) CVD, non-smokers. In total 122 individuals participated. The average tobacco co
This is Part 1 of an article arguing for an extended application of Karl Marx’s insight that the apparent reciprocity of free market exchange is to be understood as an ideology that obscures material processes of exploitation and accumulation. Rather than to confine this insight to the worker’s sale of his or her labor-power for wages, and basing it on the conviction that labor-power is uniquely c
This is Part 2 of an article arguing for an extended application of Karl Marx’s insight that the apparent reciprocity of free market exchange is to be understood as an ideology that obscures material processes of exploitation and accumulation. Rather than confine this insight to the worker’s sale of his or her labor-power for wages, and ground it in the conviction that labor-power is uniquely capa
Background: While patient performance after participating in cardiac rehabilitation programmes after acute myocardial infarction is regularly reported through registry and survey data, information on cardiac rehabilitation programme characteristics is less well described. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate Swedish cardiac rehabilitation programme characteristics and adherence to European G
N 1s Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) was used to probe the molecular electronic structure of the ruthenium photosensitizer complex cis-bis(isothiocyanato) bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato) ruthenium(II), known as "N3." In order to interpret these data, crystalline powder samples of the bipyridine-dicarboxylic acid ligand ("bi-isonicotinic acid") and the single ring analog "isonicot
The morphology of intrapineal neurons that give rise to the pineal tract and project to the brain in the rainbow trout was visualized by the use of neuronal backfilling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The tracing was performed on excised pineal organs under in-vitro conditions at 4° C, with filling times ranging from 6 to 24 h. Large multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons were visualized in t
Objective: To investigate whether combining two independent tracers increases the SLN-detection rate in cervical cancer. Methods: Consecutive women with early stage cervical cancer planned for a robotic radical hysterectomy or a robotic radical trachelectomy with sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection were included. After cervical injections of Indocyanine green (ICG) and Tc99-nanocolloid (Tc99), nea
