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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIB genes exhibit extensive allelic polymorphism, most likely maintained by pathogen-mediated balancing selection (PMBS). PMBS may operate in the form of heterozygote advantage (HA), and/or through the interaction of pathogens and specific MHC alleles via fluctuating selection (FS) or negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS). In particular, NFD

Idag använder allt fler näringsidkare internet och sociala medier för att nå ut med sina budskap. Genom dessa medier har de fått nya möjligheter att sprida information. Mot bakgrund av att information på sociala medier ofta uppfattas som personliga och trovärdiga tips har näringsidkare också insett fördelen med att sprida marknadsföring som kanske inte uppfattas som marknadsföring. Så kallad dold Today more and more businesses are using the internet and social media to reach out with their messages. Through these media, they have found new opportunities to disseminate information. Given that information on social media sites often is perceived as personal and credible advice, consumers may easily mistake marketing for information. Traders have recognized the advantage of confusing marketin

I uppsatsen behandlas generalklausulerna i Försäkringsrörelselag (2010:2043) (FRL). Dessa bestämmelser grundas på generalklausulerna i Aktiebolagslag (2005:551) (ABL) och Lag (1987:667) om ekonomiska föreningar (FL), vilka har till syfte att skydda associationsmedlemmar. För att uppnå detta syfte förbjuder generalklausulerna beslut som medför att en otillbörlig fördel bereds en aktieägare, en medl

Kvinnliga samkönade par har tillgång till insemination inom svensk sjukvård sedan den 1 juli 2005. Trots det väljer en del par att genomföra behandlingen utanför svensk sjukvård, antingen utomlands eller genom privat insemination. Vid insemination utanför svensk sjukvård med donerad sperma skiljer sig föräldraskapsregleringen för kvinnliga samkönade par från den för olikkönade par. Mannen i ett ol

I Sverige minskar den biologiska mångfalden och antalet hotade arter ökar. Ett av de största hoten mot dessa arter och mot biologisk mångfald är förändringar i livsmiljöer. Trots detta fortsätter skogar med höga naturvärden att avverkas och andelen biologiskt skyddsvärd skog minskar. I uppsatsen utreds de EU-rättsliga artskyddsbestämmelserna i fågeldirektivet och habitatdirektivet, och den svens

It is generally recognized that the EU accession process has profound effects on state transformation in the postcommunist applicant countries. A key problem of postcommunism has been a weak ability to implement public policy. This study explores how efforts to fulfill EU conditionality may influence implementing capacity. Firstly, it advances a theoretical framework for this purpose, focusing on

The ability to obtain correct balance control information and adjust motor performance appropriately are essential elements in effective postural control. However, functional disorders may affect the reliability of receptor information and ability to carry out corrective motions needed to maintain balance. This emphasizes the importance of rapid and accurate adaptation processes that can optimize

This thesis describes investigations of the use of cryogenically cooled rare-earth-ion-doped crystals for quantum information processing and quantum optics. Several aspects of the coherent interaction between light and rare-earth ions in solids are addressed. Quantum information science has given physicists new views of quantum mechanics. The transmission of quantum states has already found pract

Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication after cardiothoracic surgery and is associated with increased short- and long-term mortality risk. Despite extensive studies in the field, a comprehensive understanding of this syndrome has remained elusive, partly due to divergent definitions of AKI and partly due to the limitations of available routine biomarkers to predict,

Introduction: Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The aims of this thesis were to evaluate different contemporary approaches in coronary care with regard to mortality and myocardial infarction. Methods: The thesis consists of 6 papers with 4 papers evaluating different exposures and their outcomes (clopidogrel pre-treatment, 5 different anti-platelet protocols, ticagrel

Infantile colic, involving an otherwise healthy infant crying and fussing more than three hours per day and more than three days per week, is a common problem in Western countries. Both the infant and the parents suffer during the months of persistent crying and there is a risk that the establishing of the early relationship might be disturbed. Safe and effective treatment that provides relief in

The focus of this thesis was to study cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations in lipomas. For this purpose, chromosome banding analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), as well as high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)–arrays were used to identify recurrent chromosomal aberrations in lipomas. The possible molecular targets for these aberrations were further studied t

Diagnostic tests based on nucleic acid amplification have become available for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and influenza viruses. Here, an MP PCR test detected 100% of infections during the first three symptomatic weeks, whereas classical serology detected 21% week 1, 56% week 2, and 100% week 3. Positive PCR results were uncommon in healthy individuals. Levels of MP DNA were significantly higher i

The standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) remains one of the most important and most frequently used tools for diagnosing cardiac diseases, although several different examination modalities in cardio¬logy have been developed over the years. The standard ECG uses 10 electrodes placed on well-defined positions on the body, 6 on the torso and 4 distally on the limbs. Both industry and academia hav

Only a few decades ago, it was generally believed that gene expression was controlled in a unidirectional way, i.e. DNA was transcribed into RNA, which simply acted as a messenger molecule used to produce the protein that executed cellular functions. It was not until the 1970-80’s that RNA interference was proclaimed as a gene regulatory process, and now it is increasingly evident that non-coding

HIV-1 infection of CD4+ immune cells requires the assistance of cellular coreceptors. The regulation of these receptors is highly dynamic. In addition to the major coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, several alternative coreceptors mediate entry for selected HIV isolates in vitro, although their role in vivo is yet to be established. Compartmentalized HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system (CNS) m

The aims of this thesis were to investigate whether chest tomosynthesis might be used in pulmonary cystic fibrosis, to design and validate a tomosynthesis scoring system, and to determine the effective dose from chest tomosynthesis in children. In a prospective study starting in 2008 clinical chest radiography or computed tomography (CT) were supplemented with a tomosynthesis examination of the l