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Legislation in Sweden and the European Union concerning the use of sewage sludge in agriculture is under revision and future concentration limits for pathogens in treated sludge are likely to be expected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hygienization of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens through continuous anaerobic digestion at 35, 55 or 60 ºC as well
A multi-proxy palaeoecological investigation including pollen, plant macrofossil, radiocarbon and sedimentological analyses, was performed on a small mountain lake in the Eastern Pyrenees. This has allowed the reconstruction of: ( 1) the vegetation history of the area based on five pollen diagrams and eight AMS(14)C dates and ( 2) the past lake-level changes, based on plant macrofossil, lithologic
The electronic spectra of three rhombic type 1 blue copper proteins, nitrite reductase, pseudoazurin, and cucumber basic protein, have been studied by ab initio multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory (the CASPT2 method). The six lowest excitations have been calculated and assigned with an error of less than 1800 cm-1. The singly occupied orbital in the ground-state forms a strongly
Free energy perturbations have been performed on two blue copper proteins, plastocyanin and nitrite reductase. By changing the copper coordination geometry, force constants, and charges, we have estimated the maximum energy with which the proteins may distort the copper coordination sphere. By comparing this energy with the quantum chemical energy cost for the same perturbation on the isolated cop
Partially premixed combustion using gasoline-like fuels on compression ignition engines shows great potentials to break the soot-nitrogen oxides trade off and reduce both emissions simultaneously. By simply adjusting the dilution strategies and injection events, the control of partially premixed combustion is relatively easier compared to other low-temperature combustion concepts. However despite
Meiotic recombination shuffles genetic variation and promotes correct segregation of chromosomes. Rates of recombination vary on several scales, both within genomes and between individuals, and this variation is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Social insects have extremely high rates of recombination, although the evolutionary causes of this are not known. Here, we estimate rat
The Volgo-Uralia segment, which constitutes one fourth of the East European Craton, is covered by sedimentary deposits. From geophysical studies and examination of thousands of drillcores, Volgo-Uralia has been recognised as a vast high-grade terrain with a complex crustal history extending from the Palaeoarchaean to the Palaeoproterozoic. Our recent studies are focused on the search for the oldes
This research discusses the importance of a photograph of an accused war criminal, Abdul Kader Molla, during the period immediately before the emergence of the Shahbag movement in Bangladesh. The image captures Kader Molla flashing a V sign, and it was taken in the moments after he had been sentenced to life imprisonment by the International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh in 2013. After Kader Molla
High-volume, low-strength industrial wastewaters constitute a large potential for biogas production, which could be realized by membrane bioreactors operating at the ambient temperature of the wastewater. However, the start-up of low-temperature anaerobic processes using unadapted inoculum can be sensitive to overloading, which results in acidification. This study assessed if a novel acidification
In this paper we conduct a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) from a multiple stakeholder point of view for the design of access and benefit sharing (ABS) agreements concerning genetic resources, in particular regarding the access component of such agreements. We start by analyzing the objectives defined by international law (viz. the Convention on Biodiversity and the Nagoya Protocol) that every party
This study shows the distribution patterns of apoptotic cells and biomarkers of cellular senescence during the ontogeny of the retina in the zebra finch (T. guttata). Neurogenesis in this altricial bird species is intense in the retina at perinatal and post-hatching stages, as opposed to precocial bird species in which retinogenesis occurs entirely during the embryonic period. Various phases of pr
During vertebrate embryonic development, cellular senescence occurs at multiple locations. To date, it has been accepted that when there has been induction of senescence in an embryonic tissue, β-galactosidase activity is detectable at a pH as high as 6.0, and this has been extensively used as a marker of cellular senescence in vivo in both whole-mount and cryosections. Such senescence-associated
We prove that for k ≫; 4√n regular resolution requires length nω(k) to establish that an ErdÅ's-Rényi graph with appropriately chosen edge density does not contain a k-clique. This lower bound is optimal up to the multiplicative constant in the exponent and also implies unconditional nω(k) lower bounds on running time for several state-of-the-art algorithms for finding maximum cliques in graphs.
This research presents blogs as an innovative and rich tool for political communication. Blogs can facilitate two-way communication and true interaction between citizens and politicians. The article analyses in depth the content,uses, and characteristics of five weblogs written by Aragonese politicians. Although the study detects some weaknesses in the current political use of blogs, it encourages
East Africa experiences chronic food insecurity, with levels varying from year-to-year across the region. Given that much can be done to prevent this level of suffering before it happens, humanitarian agencies monitor early indicators of food insecurity to trigger early action. Forecasts of total seasonal rainfall are one tool used to monitor and anticipate food security outcomes. Factors beyond r
Coevolution occurs when species interact to influence one another's fitness, resulting in reciprocal evolutionary change. In many coevolving lineages, trait expression in one species is modified by the genotypes and phenotypes of the other, forming feedback loops reminiscent of models of intraspecific social evolution. Here, we adapt the theory of within-species social evolution, characterized by
Between 1980 and 2000, a number of Sub-Saharan African countries entered into conditional structural adjustment lending arrangements with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in response to economic crisis and decline. Despite the fact that the crises had been due in part to long-term overdependence on primary sector activities, such as cash crop agriculture and natural resource extraction, many
Marine reptiles constitute a diverse group of secondarily aquatic tetrapods that have inhabited the world’s oceans for the greater part of the last 250 million years. While certain large-scale anatomical changes have been observed through progressive alterations of their skeletal morphology (e.g., the evolution of fin-like limbs), little is known about those changes that have occurred in the integ
