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Den som köper en bok eller en cd-skiva har rätt att sälja vidare den köpta kopian – rättsligt benämnt konsumtion av spridningsrätten. I takt med den digitala utvecklingen köper dock allt fler konsumenter upphovsrättsliga verk på internet. I en dom från 2012 fastslog EU-domstolen att konsumtion av spridningsrätten vad gäller datorprogram inte var begränsad till fysiska kopior. Domen framkallade en Anyone who buys a book or a CD is entitled to resell the purchased copy. This rule is often known as the ‘exhaustion of the distribution right’. The digital revolution has, however, resulted in an increasing number of consumers buying copyright works online. In a 2012 judgment, the ECJ ruled that the application of the rule was not limited to physical copies of software. The judgment triggered a d

It seems that people are more disconnected to the objects they own than ever before. What has changed in the last decades? People had tools and the skills to use them, but due to convenience and easy consumable entertainment, do-it-yourself was replaced by do-it-forme. Tasks we would have handled ourselves in the past are now done by a product or a service. This is disabling people. By losing ski

I vissa fall är frågan om vad som i rättskrafthänseende är att betrakta som samma gärning – och därmed om ett andra åtal avseende gärningen i så fall ska avvisas – särskilt svår att lösa. Detta gäller bl.a. det samlade narkotikabrottet. Narkotikabrottet innehåller en mängd olika befattningar med narkotika och brottet kan pågå under en längre tid. Det kan därför vara svårt att avskilja liknande gärWhen it comes to legal force of a judgement, the question whether what is to consider the same act – in which case a second prosecution should be dismissed – is sometimes a difficult one. That is the case when it comes to drug-related crime. The drug offence in Swedish law contains a wide range of different dispositions with narcotics and the crime can be committed over an extended period of time.

Since the start of the conflict in Syria, the determination of the conflict has changed and engaged the global community. There have been, and still are, several opinions from both organisations and the media, on the conflict in Syria as well on the United Nations Security Council. The primarily responsibility for the Council is the maintenance of international peace and security. In the process,

Denna uppsats berör hur automatiserat beslutsfattande kan komma att påverka rättssäkerheten inom förvaltningen. Automatiserat beslutsfattande är särskilt vanligt förekommande inom de delar av förvaltningen där en stor mängd liknande ärenden avgörs. Att beslutsfattandet automatiseras kan innebära stora fördelar för förvaltningen och för de enskilda som berörs av besluten. Tillgängligheten ökar och This thesis is an investigation on how automated decision-making can affect the principle of legal certainty within the administration. Automated decision-making is particularly common within parts of the Swedish administration that deals with a large number of similar cases every year. Automation of decisions can lead to great benefits, both for the administration and for the individuals affected

Den digitala utvecklingen har förändrat detaljhandelsbranschen i stor utsträckning. Priserna på e-handelsmarknaden är normalt sett lägre än priserna i fysiska butiker till följd av hård konkurrens, prismedvetna konsumenter och dynamisk prissättning (en prissättningsmodell som innebär att priserna på en produkt varierar flera gånger om dagen). Prismarknadsföring (realisationer, slutförsäljningar, uDigitalisation has had a significant impact on the retail industry. Due to strong competition, price-conscious consumers and dynamic pricing (a pricing strategy in which prices varies several times throughout the day) prices in E-commerce are usually lower than prices in traditional commerce. Under these circumstances, price reductions (sales, clearance sales and finale sales) and price comparison

Varierande likhet i blomdoft – beror det på släktskapsband? De senaste decennierna har kunskapen om blomdoft och dess betydelse i interaktioner mellan växter och insekter ökat avsevärt. Det finns en stor mängd olika doftämnen i blommors doft och blomdoften kan vara högst variabel, inte bara mellan arter utan också mellan individer av samma art. Även om vissa doftämnen verkar sakna ekologisk funktUnderstanding the evolutionary processes behind intraspecific variation and population differentiation is an important topic in biology, since intraspecific variation is required for speciation. Angiosperms show fascinating diversity in flower designs. Since the flower is crucial for reproductive success and at the same time often involved in biotic interactions with pollinators and/or herbivores,

In an effort to mitigate global climate change, the REDD+ mechanism (an acronym for ‘Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stock’) continues to be put forward as an attractive carbon sequestration and forest conservation tool. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), hosting m

Popular science summary: An MK-801 Hyperactivity Model in Zebrafish Larvae Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by psychosis, depression and cognitive impairments. The severity of this disease is easily underestimated, since the manifestations are not consequently lethal. Additionally, Schizophrenia is correlated with a 50 times increased risk of attempted suicide. Considering that a

Popular science summary: Potential Distribution for the Endangered Asian Wild Ass Over the past century, large mammals have been globally under increasing pressure of humanized landscapes. Since extirpations of large herbivores are likely to have complicated consequences for the entire ecosystem, their conservation is a priority. With almost 81% threatened species, Perissodactyla (odd-toad ungu

Förevarande uppsats behandlar de utredningar om vårdnad-, boende- och/eller umgänge vilka kan företas i tvister om detsamma. Uppsatsen besvarar frågorna om när och hur reglerna om sådana utredningar tillämpas. Vidare behandlas de brister som finns i utredningar av sådant slag, samt delar av den kritik utredningarna utsatts för. Vid tvister om vårdnad-, boende- och/eller umgänge är vårdnadsutredninThe present essay aims to illuminate the custody reports possible to execute during a custody dispute, when and how the legal rules about custody reports applies, and how the custody report is executed. When a court has to decide if the custody of a child henceforth shall be joint or sole, or where the child henceforth shall live, and in which extent the child shall have right to visitation with t

After 9/11 2001, the U.S. government proclaimed war on terror. In the purpose to prohibit future attacks on the U.S. and their civilian a secret work started at the Office of Legal Councile to define and guideline actions in the war of terror. The first memorandum is named The Bybee Torture Memo and started up an extensive activity to legitimize the use of torture against terror suspected. From se

Ne bis in idem innebär att en person inte får lagföras eller straffas för samma brott mer än en gång och kallas också dubbelbestraffningsförbudet. Principen finns i Europakonventionen genom artikel 4 i dess sjunde tilläggsprotokoll samt även i artikel 50 i EU:s rättighetsstadga. Sverige har två olika skilda sanktionssystem för när en skattskyldig lämnar en oriktig uppgift som skall ligga till grNe bis in idem is a principle that means a person cannot be tried or punished for the same criminal offence more than once. The principle of ne bis in idem is a prohibition against double punishment under article 4 of the protocol 7 of The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and also in article 50 of the EU charter. Sweden has two separate procedures for when a taxpayer submits incorrect i

Familjeåterförening är en viktig princip inom både svensk och internationell rätt. I svensk rätt regleras denna princip i utlänningslagen där en möjlighet till uppehållstillstånd på grund av anknytning ges. Vissa bevisrättsliga frågor måste dock uppfyllas för att uppehållstillstånd ska kunna ges. I denna framställning behandlas bevisning angående ställföreträdarskap för barn som söker uppehållstilFamily reunification is an important principle in both Swedish and international law. In Swedish law this principle is coded into the Aliens Act making it possible to get residence permit on the grounds of ties to Sweden. In order to get a residency permit there are a couple of things you have to prove, for example your identity and the existence of a relation to a person in Sweden. If you are und

The aim of this paper was to from a social constructivistic perspective highlight the representations of homeless people and homelessness given in Swedish daily/evening papers. The questions it aimed to answer were: how are homelessness and homeless people represented in daily/evening papers? Do the daily and evening paper’s representations correspond with what researches and the National Swedish

Water availability faces increasing pressure due to economic growth, population growth,greater affluence as well as climate change. For companies, this could lead to higher businessrisks as water is often a key ingredient in their operations for example in cooling, steamgeneration and cleaning. Moreover, companies might be competing over water with otherstakeholders in the region when water scarci

Popular science summary: NADase – a way to avoid immune system activation? Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) are bacteria that cause many different kinds of diseases in humans, for example strep throat, scarlet fever and necrotizing fasciitis, the ”flesh-eating disease”. An infection with this type of bacteria can also lead to heart and kidney damage, thought to be caused by our immune system

The main purpose of this thesis has been to investigate the possible influence that Origen's eschatology, and above all his teaching of apokatastasis, has had for the Venerable Bede's teachings on postmortem purgation and punishment of the soul. The general question behind the work is what importance Origen's teachings has had for the later doctrine of Purgatory. I have limited the inv

Skyddet för den personliga integriteten har i takt med tekniska framsteg diskuterats inom en rad områden. Ett sådant område är arbetsrätten och specifikt arbetstagarens rätt till sin personliga integritet. Att dokument överförs till digital form samt att kommunikation flyttas från telefon och brev till e-mail gör det mer praktiskt möjligt för arbetsgivare att kontrollera sina arbetstagare än någonAs technology progress the right to personal integrity has been discussed in several areas. One of those areas is labour law and specifically the employee’s right to personal integrity. As communication becomes more and more digital it has become more practical for employers to monitor their employees. The question regarding employees’ right to protection for their personal integrity is, despite

Offentlig upphandling omsätter i Sverige stora summor, och genom särskilda kontraktsvillkor är det möjligt att ställa särskilda sociala krav på leverantören iakttar sociala hänsyn då upphandlingskontraktet fullgörs. Ur begreppet sociala hänsyn har det uttolkats en möjlighet att ställa krav på leverantörens skyldigheter att iaktta arbetsrättsliga regler, en möjlighet som tydliggörs i det nya LOU-diThrough specific contractual conditions, contractors in public procurement contracts can be obliged to meet specific obligations in the field of labor law. However, the Swedish labour model lacks the transparency that is required by the Court of Justice, to impose requirements on collective agreements in the contract. It has therefore been requested by contracting authorities to be able to make de