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Enligt grundläggande principer följer att det råder fri bevisföring och fri bevisvärdering. Därmed kan det i princip inte uppställas några legala regler för vilka bevis som får åberopas eller vilka metoder som ska eller bör tillämpas av domstolen vid bevisvärderingen. Därmed är det teoretiskt möjligt att enbart en målsägandeutsaga kan till ligga till grund för att beviskravet ska anses uppnått ochAccording to the fundamental principle of free assessment of evidence, there can be no legal constraints to which evidence that are allowed or by which methods such evidence shall be assessed by the courts. Thus, it is theoretically possible to pass sentence in a criminal case concerning rape only on the basis of the injured party´s testimony. Even so, case law indicates that it is rarely enough w

FN-stadgans våldsförbud sätter upp ett absolut förbud mot våldsanvändning stater emellan, och endast en situation av självförsvar eller med mandat från säkerhetsrådet kan en stat få rätt att göra undantag från förbudet. Detta till trots finns det många exempel på fall av våldshandlingar som går utanför förbudets ramar, så kallade humanitära interventioner, och man har i dessa situationer hänvisat The UN Charter sets up an absolute prohibition on the use of force between states, and only a situation of self-defense or a mandate from the Security Council can give the right to make exceptions to the ban. Despite this, there are many examples of cases of violence that goes beyond the prohibition framework, so-called humanitarian interventions, and to justify those operations references to inte

Popular science summary Reductive evolution in fungi? It has been shown that the super kingdoms of Bacteria and Archaea are under the influence of reductive evolution compared to Eukaryotes. Even if the process of reductive evolution is not the predominant mode of evolution amongst Eukaryotes, since the majority of species are not growth optimized, the process may still be present. It has been

Uppsatsen som har författats behandlar våld mot tjänsteman med särskilt fokus på vilken betydelse kroppskamerabevisning har i tillämpningen av lagrummet. Syftet är att analysera hur våld mot tjänsteman ska förstås och vidare se prov på hur kroppskamera påverkar domstolarnas bedömning av händelseförloppet i praktiken. Arbetet kombinerar ett rättsdogmatiskt arbetssätt med en empirisk undersökning avThis thesis examines the offence of violence against a public official, with a particular focus on the role of body-worn camera evidence in the application of the law. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse how violence against a public official should be understood and to examine how body-worn cameras affect the courts’ assessment of events in practice. The study combines a legal analysis with a

This essay discusses the Nordic region Bohuslän the decade after it became "Swedish" in 1658, during what I call the region's "transition period". The wide cause of the study is to show how the traditional understanding of this state shift (and of state shifts in general) need to be problemized and understood in the light of the state conditions of Early Modern Europe. By e

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Under året 2001 kom forskare i hela världen överens om att globala klimatförändringar existerar och att människliga aktiviteter har påverkat dem, framförallt genom utsläpp av koldioxid (CO2). Kyoto Protokollet är en global överenskommelse som kräver en minskning av CO2 utsläpp (med 1990 som basår) och fem andra växthusgaser med 5% fram till 2012. Ett sätt som näIn 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change approved human impact (mainly through the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2)) on global warming. The Kyoto Protocol is a global contract that proposes the reduction of CO2 and five other greenhouse gases by 2012 to at least 5% below the level of 1990. One reduction strategy included in the Protocol is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It su

Lack of carbon has been assumed to be the most common limiting factor for bacterial growth in soil, although there are reports of limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus. I have studied nutrient limitation of bacterial growth in soil using a novel technique, where thymidine or leucine incorporation is used to detect changes in growth rates after adding nutrients. I have studied which nutrient(s) li

Ecological intensification of agriculture is suggested as a way to reach higher crop yields without increasing inputs that may degrade the environment. Increased insect pollination in crops, such as oilseed rape, Brassica napus, has been suggested to increase yields, but is rarely integrated in crop management. To determine the value of enhanced crop pollination as a means of ecological intensific

In education programs with an artistic ground, i.e. where the student is supposed to develop an artistic skill, the overall objective is to provide the fundament for a practitioner to become a well functioning individual in a specific artistic community. This artistic community of practice plays – directly through professionally active teachers, and indirectly through teachers with a good understa

Mikrober finns överallt, runt omkring oss i vår miljö och inuti våra kroppar. De som lever tillsammans med djur har mycket stor påverkan på värdens hälsa och evolutionära fitness. Från ett djurs perspektiv är vissa mikrober goda, andra onda, och vissa har ingen större påverkan på hälsan, men egentligen beror dessa egenskaper på sammanhanget, eftersom det är vanligt att mikrober byter strategi tillThe microbes living inside hosts have highly important consequences for host health and fitness. From the host’s perspective, some microbes exhibit mutualistic tendencies, others parasitic, and some commensal, but this is context-dependent and opportunistic lifestyles are widespread in nature. Our knowledge of how hosts interact molecularly with different microbes is, however, poor, and little res

Firms today are facing changing conditions which they must respond to in order to maintain a sustained competitive advantage. To address this change, practitioners such as managers and executives of large firms look towards the concepts of Business Models and Business Model Innovation, as tools to devise and execute strategies to manage that change. This study will present an in-depth comparative

The paper presents new geological, geochronological, geochemical, and Nd isotopic data on the late Paleoproterozoic dolerites of the Siberian craton. U-Pb baddeleyite ages of the Doros dolerites (Aldan shield, south-eastern Siberia) and East Anabar dolerites (Anabar shield, northern Siberia) are 1757 ± 4 and 1774 ± 6 Ma, respectively. This new geochronological data together with published 1.76–1.7

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in children. Studies of the immunopathogenesis in JIA has mainly focused on the adaptive immune system, while less is known of the role of the monocytes. JIA is considered a chronic disease, although only about 50% of participants in long-term follow-up studies have active disease as adults. The treatment arsenal for JIA has

Popular Abstract in Swedish Kring familjeproblematiken och för behandlingen av familjekonflikter har det svenska samhället organiserat olika sociala verksamheter som traditionellt regleras av Socialtjänstlagen. Familjerådgivningen är en av dessa verksamheter och definieras som en psykoterapeutisk behandling, till vilken en eller båda parter vänder sig oftast på frivillig basis när de upplever att This dissertation is the result of an evaluation of family counselling (FC) in a middle-sized city in Sweden. The findings support results from earlier studies of family counselling which indicate that people have a positive attitude to counselling. But this finding led to questions that remained unanswered in earlier research. What is it particularly in FC treatment that brings about a result, wh

Popular AbstractSyftet med avhandlingen är att undersöka på vilket sätt teater med ungdomar, enligt ungdomarnas egna erfarenheter och utsagor om det, utgör en kollektiv bildningsprocess. I avhandlingens syfte ingår att analysera hur en teaterföreställning växer fram och att skapa förståelse för vad som sker mellan olika aktörer, främst mellan ungdomar och ledare.Forskningsfenomenet, unga människorThe objective of this research project is to investigate in what way young people's theatre playing, according to their own experiences, constitute a collective educational process. Also, the project aims at understanding the interaction between the different actors, and particularly between the young amateurs and their leaders. Young people's acting in this research project is understood from a p

I investigated the bacterial utilization of terrestrially derived dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in aquatic ecosystems, and assessed the potential role of river-born DON in marine eutrophication. To determine the bioavailability of DON, I developed a bioassay employing N-limited bacterial regrowth cultures, which were calibrated with additions of inorganic nitrogen. I found that between 2 and 72

Popular Abstract in Swedish Trastsångarnas MHC gener i klarspråk Inuti kroppen ser vi väldigt lika ut allihop; men om mina njurar skulle sluta att fungera är det inte alls säkert att just du kan donera en njure till mig. Detta beror på att våra transplantations-gener eller s.k. MHC- (Major Histocompatibility Complex) gener är olika, och vid en transplantation måste många av donatorns och mottagarIn vertebrates the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) plays a central role in the specific immune defence against various pathogens. Compared with other coding genes the MHC genes exhibit an extremely high level of polymorphism that is maintained by balancing selection. The importance in the immune defence and the polymorphism make these genes interesting to study from an ecological and evolut

In hybrid zones genetically differentiated populations meet and interbreed. As they result from ongoing divergence and potential speciation, such zones provide opportunities to study how different factors affect this process. The hybrid zone between the all black carrion crow (Corvus corone corone) and the grey and black hooded crow (Corvus c. cornix) stretches c. 2400 km throughout Europe. I have

Popular Abstract in Swedish När vi tänker på skönlitteraturen får den gärna en drömmande klang som för tankarna till främmande platser långt borta från vardagen. Samtidigt kan skönlitteraturen måla upp slående bilder av världen och övertygande sätta in politiska och kulturella frågor i ett större meningsfullt sammanhang. Ingenstans blir detta tydligare än i Brands skönlitteratur. I det ungsocialisThis study delves into the relationship between fiction and politics, aesthetic and ethical messages conveyed by the fictions of Brand (Fire), the journal of the Young Socialist Association, founded as the Social Democratic Labour Party’s first youth association. The literary and aesthetic arena allowed many different kinds of ideas and thoughts to flourish, making Brand an important cultural pape