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Within the context of the European Union Competition Law, a master's thesis entitled "Data as a Barrier to Entry and an Essential Facility: Law & Economics Analysis" conducts an in-depth investigation of the function that data plays in relation to competition law. The idea that data might be a valuable asset in the contemporary digital economy is presented in the very first part
The transport sector is one of many markets facing new challenges in the pursuit of reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The people at Volvo Powertrain in Malmö are continuously working to develop new and improved techniques that are able to live up to the ever-increasing legislations. A well performing turbocharger is an essential part of the combustion engine in order to reduce the fuel consumption
Bark beetle attacks have led to widespread tree disturbance and deaths in many parts of the world, and thereby also economic and biodiversity losses. Forest-rich Sweden has experienced periodic attacks, latest in 2018. There is a great interest in identifying the most important explanatory features behind bark beetle attacks and making spatial predictions on where attacks might happen. This could
Stiftelsen skiljer sig från associationer på så sätt att den är en självägande förmögenhet bunden till ett specifikt ändamål som i princip inte kan ändras. Ändamålet kan vara allt från att stödja ett forskningsområde till att gynna medlemmar av en specifik familj. Vissa stiftelser är också begränsat skattskyldiga. I praxis framgår att fåmansföretagsstrukturer använt stiftelsen för dessa särdrag, oFoundations differ from other legal entities in a few different ways. Foundations can be described as a self-owned equity, which is tied to a specific purpose that in principle can not be changed. The purpose can be anything from supporting a field of research, to benefiting members of a specific family. In addition, some foundations are subject to limited tax liability. When examining verdicts on
Det straffrättsliga regelverket för lagöverträdare i åldersgruppen 18-20 år, så kallade unga myndiga lagöverträdare, genomgick vid årsskiftet stora förändringar. Under flera sekel var unga myndiga lagöverträdare i Sverige föremål för straffrättslig särbehandling i form av en ungdomsreduktion. Den tidigare regleringen innebar att för brott någon begått innan han eller hon fyllt 21 år skulle dennes Criminal law regarding offenders in the age group 18 to 20 years old, so called juvenile offenders, was changed extensively at the turn of the year. For a long time, Swedish juvenile offenders were subject to differential treatment due to their age, in the form of a reduced sentencing. Previous legislation meant that crimes committed before the age of 21 was to take the offender's young age in
Den 27 april 2022 röstade riksdagen ja till att införa ett nytt brott i Brottsbalken, hedersförtryck; detta som ett led i att bekämpa hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck med kraft. Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck kan föras tillbaka på kollektivt betingade hedersnormer, på grund av vilka individer riskerar att bestraffas om normerna ifråga inte efterlevs. Den springande punkten är kontextuella idéeOn the 27th of April 2022, the Swedish parliament voted in favour of introducing a new criminal offence in The Swedish Penal Code, called ‘honour-related oppression’ (sw. hedersförtryck). This action was taken as a part of a larger initiative to combat honour-related violence and oppression. Honour-related violence and oppression can be traced back to collectively conditioned honour norms, in whic
Uppsatsen undersöker hållbarheten i att äga skog som allmänning och utforskar ägandeformen som alternativ till det statliga ägandet av skog. Det görs utifrån tesen att ett gemensamt ägande i form av allmänningar innebär en mer rättvis fördelning av resurser från skogsbruket och att ägandeformen skapar större möjlighet till ett ekonomiskt, socialt och politiskt inflytande i sitt lokala samhälle. UpThis essay examines the sustainability of owning forest as commons and compare it to the sustainability of the forests owned by the government. I suggest that the former way of managing forest is more sustainable due to a more equitable distribution of resources from the forestry and that it creates greater opportunities for economic, social and political influence in the managing of the forest. T
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which primarily originate from the biological nitrogen removal process, dominate the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). N2O production occurs through dynamic microbial pathways that have a significant impact on the environment compared with other GHG emissions. Reducing these substantial emissions aligns with the objectives of
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by chronic inflammation involving many organ systems. The etiology is unknown and the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Impairments of the immune system and of the mechanisms regulating cell death are commonly seen in SLE patients. Autoantibodies, in particular anti-dsDNA antibodies, are considered hallmarks of SLE, but the ideal biomar
Survival after childhood cancer has improved dramatically during the past four decades, resulting in a five-year survival rate of 80% in children recently treated for cancer in the Nordic countries. However, these advances in treatment and survival has come at a price, and many survivors face significant treatment-induced sequelae, most of which only become clinically apparent many years after the
Popular Abstract in Swedish Typ 2-diabetiker: söt som socker och rik på fett Det finns flera olika varianter av diabetes och den mest förekommande är typ 2-diabetes (T2D). T2D kallades förr i dagligt tal åldersdiabetes, men numera drabbas individer i alla åldrar. Sjukdomen kännetecknas av förhöjda nivåer av socker och fett i blodet, vilket beror på att kroppens celler har en nedsatt förmåga att tType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by altered lipid parameters and elevated glucose levels, as a direct consequence of impaired insulin signaling in target tissues and reduced insulin exocytosis from pancreatic β-cells. Obesity, which dramatically increases worldwide, is associated with insulin resistance and T2D. In this thesis, we elucidate the effects of hormones and
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where the dopamine producing neurons in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) progressively die and result in symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, slowness and difficulties in initiating movements.Currently there is no cure for PD and the available drug treatments only offer symptomatic relief and are often associated with severe side
The thesis covers different topics related to model predictive control (MPC) and particularly distributed model predictive control (DMPC). One topic of the thesis is gradient-based optimization algorithms for solving the optimization problem arising in DMPC in a distributed manner. The underlying idea is to solve the optimization problem in distributed fashion using dual decomposition, which is a
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer death. In Western countries, it is the 10th most common cause of cancer death. Cervical cancer often affects young women (< 40 years) who have not finished childbearing. Robot assistance is the latest development in laparoscopic surgery. There is one robot commercially available for gynecologi
The fact that solitary migratory birds can find their migration routes has indicated the possibility that a genetic basis may be involved in determining the route of migration. Researchers have also found evidence to investigate this hypothesis in various ways. The focal species of this study is the willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus), which has three described subspecies (trochilus, acredula
Denna uppsats utreder hur finansiella produkter klassificeras i inkomstslaget kapital, och vilka skatterättsliga skillnader som finns mellan de olika kategorierna i inkomstslaget. Utifrån praxis och inkomstskattelagens systematik redogörs för hur en avyttring av kryptovalutan Bitcoin ska klassificeras och beskattas. Gällande rätt analyseras sedan mot bakgrund av principen om likformighet och skattThis paper examines how financial products are classified within the capital gains bracket and which tax differences follow from such classification. Based on practice and the methodology of the Income tax act, the paper describes how a divestment of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin should be classified and taxed. The result is thereafter analyzed from the perspective of the principle of uniformity and
Agile Management is a management method based on the principles behind Agile Software Development. Compared to Traditional Management, Agile Management is more iterative and is therefore suited for fast paced and unsecure environ-‐ ments. Even though agile is a fairly old methodology; there are few case studies outside the software industry. There are indi-‐ cations, though, that Agile Managemen
The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether tort liability claims against public authorities for breaches of the ECHR can be defined as a constitutional right in Swedish law. The theoretical definition of what constitutes a constitutional right is constructed through elements of Robert Alexy’s A Theory of Constitutional Rights. The theory is applied on the current applicable law regarding the
Genom incitamentsprogram tilldelas anställda finansiella instrument som ger dem del av arbetsgivarens framgångar. Den avkastning som genom instrumenten tillkommer de anställda beskattas idag normalt i inkomstslaget kapital och inte, som lön, i inkomstslaget tjänst. Endast förmånen av att erhålla instrumentet till nedsatt pris beskattas normalt som arbetsinkomst. I denna uppsats undersöks utifrån rEmployees taking part in incentive programs are offered financial instruments which offer them parts of their employer’s successes. In Swedish tax law, the returns from these instruments are normally taxed as capital income and not as labour income. The employees benefit in kind of receiving the instrument to a discounted price is however taxed as labour income. This essay attempts to analyse whet
