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The closed chamber technique is widely used to measure the exchange of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from terrestrial ecosystems. There is, however, large uncertainty about which model should be used to calculate the gas flux from the measured gas concentrations. Due to experimental uncertainties the simple linear regression model (first-order polynomial) is often applied, even though the
Background Late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) is a devastating potato disease that has been found to occur earlier in the season over the last decades in Fennoscandia. Up until now the reasons for this change have not been investigated. Possible explanations for this change are climate alterations, changes in potato production or changes in pathogen biology, such as increased fitness o
Increasing human impact on the environment is causing drastic changes in disturbance regimes and how they prevail over time. Of increasing relevance is to further our understanding on biological responses to pulse disturbances (short duration) and how they interact with other ongoing press disturbances (constantly present). Because the temporal and spatial contexts of single experiments often limi
Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation
The forest floor provides an important interface of soil-atmosphere CO2 exchanges but their controls and contributions to the ecosystem-scale carbon budget are uncertain due to measurement limitations. In this study, we deployed eddy covariance systems below- and above-canopy to measure the spatially integrated net forest floor CO2 exchange (NFFE) and the entire net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) at
Our overall understanding of long-term climate dynamics is largely based on proxy data generated from archives such as ice cores, ocean sediments, tree rings, speleothems, and corals, whereas reconstructions of long-term changes in vegetation and associated climate during the Holocene are largely based on paleoecological records from peat and lake sequences, primarily pollen and plant macrofossil
The importance of semi-arid ecosystems in the global carbon cycle as sinks for CO 2 emissions has recently been highlighted. Africa is a carbon sink and nearly half its area comprises arid and semi-arid ecosystems. However, the
Från år 2021 ska alla nybyggnationer i Europa vara nära-nollenergibyggnader. Detta innebär att byggnaders energianvändning bör vara låg och i mycket hög grad tillförs i form från förnybara energikällor som produceras på plats eller i närheten. Syftet med de höga energikraven är att påskynda takten för att skapa ett mer energieffektivt byggande. Den minskade energianvändningen tillsam-mans med en öFrom year 2021, all new buildings in Europe will be net zero-energy buildings. This means that the building's energy is supplied from renewable energy sources that are produced on site or nearby. The purpose of the high energy requirements is to accelerate the pace of creating more energy-efficient constructions. The reduced energy consumption, together with increased use of renewable energy,
Pollination by bees is important for food production. Recent concerns about the declines of both domestic and wild bees, calls for measures to promote wild pollinator populations in farmland. However, to be able to efficiently promote and prioritize between measures that benefit pollinators, such as modified land use, agri-environment schemes, or specific conservation measures, it is important to
Popular Abstract in Swedish Det traditionella jordbruket i nordvästra Europa har gynnat förekomsten av många arter under tusentals år och den snabba övergången till modernt jord- och skogsbruk har lett till försämrade förutsättningar för dessa arter. Både internationellt och nationellt finns strategier för att bevara biologisk mångfald. I Sverige är dessa strategier integrerade i miljömål med ansThis thesis explores the relationship between land-use and floristic diversity over the last three millennia in the uplands of southern Sweden. A quantitative approach based on high-resolution pollen data was applied, using the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (LRA), historical maps/aerial photographs, palynological richness and new ways to estimate past evenness at regional and local spatial sc
In recent years, low-cost flights to smaller cities in Central and Eastern Europe grew fast. This growth offered tourists new possibilities to explore new, lesser-known destinations at a low price. At the same time, urban tourism is a common strategy for urban regeneration and development in Central and Eastern Europe, and therefore, a significant factor of the economic restructuring of Post-Socia
With millions of yearly beach visitors in southern California, beach water quality represents an important factor in public health and ocean dependent economy. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in water is much easier to measure than disease causing organisms but correlation exists between the two. For this reason, FIB concentrations are used to measure recreational water quality and related health r
Resolving fungal and bacterial groups within the microbial decomposer community is thought to capture disparate life strategies for soil microbial decomposers, associating bacteria with an r-selected strategy for carbon (C) and nutrient use, and fungi with a K-selected strategy. Additionally, food-web model-based work has established a widely held belief that the bacterial decomposer pathway in so
Plant species beta diversity is influenced by spatial heterogeneity in the environment. This heterogeneity can potentially be characterised with the help of remote sensing. We used WorldView-2 satellite data acquired over semi-natural grasslands on The Baltic island of Öland (Sweden) to examine whether dissimilarities in remote sensing response were related to fine-scale, between-plot dissimilarit
As climate change and unsustainable waste practices present major global challenges, effective waste management in developing countries becomes critically important. In South Africa, organic waste constitutes a significant share of general waste and is often landfilled, contributing to methane emissions and serious health risks for the population. In response, the Western Cape province has introdu
This thesis examines the economic potential of lithium-ion battery storage systems in multi-family residential buildings in Sweden, focusing on profitability, revenue opportunities, and the factors influencing investment decisions. The increasing share of renewable electricity, combined with the electrification of society, has intensified the need for energy storage solutions capable of balancing
Introduction – On-site sanitation systems (OSS) are the primary sanitation technology used to manage household fecal sludge in the Global South, including Kigali City. Poor quality OSS can lead to the spread of fecal-oral diseases and water resource pollution. Previous studies have demonstrated that OSS in Kigali are ineffective. In 2018, the Rwanda Standards Board adopted ISO 24521 to guide the d
A growing body of consumer culture theory (CCT) research has pointed to the way that places are increasingly conceptualised and commodified as brands and consumption objects (Lichrou et al., 2008; Giovanardi et al., 2018). Research has explored consumers’ experiences with different kinds of spaces and places, including retail settings (e.g. Penaloza, 1998; Kozinets et al., 2004; Maclaran & Bro
Background: Little is known about the long-term effectiveness of behavioural therapy for tics. We aimed to assess the long-term clinical and cost-effectiveness of online therapist-supported exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy for tics 12 and 18 months after treatment initiation. Methods: ORBIT (online remote behavioural intervention for tics) was a two-arm (1:1 ratio), superiority, sing
Estimates of land-atmosphere exchanges of carbon, energy, water vapor, and other greenhouse gases based on the eddy covariance (EC) technique rely on the fundamental assumption that the flux footprint area is homogeneous. We investigated the impact of source area heterogeneity on flux estimates in single-level EC measurements over a managed boreal forest landscape. For this purpose, we compared si
