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Denna uppsats har sökt fastställa gällande rätt i frågan om när en angripen person som tidigast kan luta sig på nödvärn i sina försvarsåtgärder. Både Sveriges och Norges rättsliga lösningar på problemet har behandlats. Metoderna som har använts har varit rättsdogmatisk metod och komparativ metod. Enligt svensk rätt tillfaller nödvärnsrätt den som befinner sig under ett ”överhängande brottsligt anThe subject of this essay has been to determine the content of established law, concerning at what time an attacked person is entitled to self-defence at the earliest. Both Sweden and Norway’s legal solutions have been studied, using a legal dogmatic method, and a comparative legal method. The right to self-defence is, according to Swedish law, ensured to a person subject to an ”imminent criminal

Våldtäktsbrottet är ett brott som i de allra flesta fall sker bakom stängda dörrar. Som konsekvens av detta blir bevissituationen svår, eftersom ord står mot ord. I de allra flesta fall finns varken vittnen eller annan direkt bevisning som kan styrka åtalet, vilket innebär att den enda direkta bevisningen i många fall består av en målsägandeutsaga. Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats har varRape is a crime that in most cases occurs behind closed doors. As a consequence, the question of evidence is difficult, since often words are against words. In the vast majority of cases, there are neither witnesses nor other direct evidence that can substantiate the prosecution, meaning that the only direct evidence in many cases consists of the victim’s statement. The overall purpose of this the

Bakgrund: Det är möjligt för företag att minska sin miljöpåverkan och reducera sina kostnader genom att ta hänsyn till returlogistik i alla delar av sin verksamhet. När det handlar om den fysiska distributionen i försörjningskedjan, så handlar returlogistik främst om att återanvända lastbärare som används för transport av gods. Dynapac Compaction Equipment AB är ett företag som använder sig av retBackground: Companies can lower their environmental impact and reduce their costs by considering reverse logistics in their operations. In the area of physical distribution, reverse logistics is concerned with the reusage of load carriers used for the transportation of goods. Dynapac Compaction Equipment AB, is a company which uses returnable load carriers (racks), for the transport of large and h

Denna uppsats syftar till att granska och diskutera kriminaliseringen av – och tillämpningen av straffrätten på – HIV-smittade personers sexuella kontakter där HIV-smitta överförs, eller riskerar att överföras, från en person till en annan. Upprätthållandet av ett straffhot avseende gärningar med grund i HIV är en kontroversiell fråga, i vart fall inom HIV/AIDS-arbetet på internationell nivå. SverThis paper aims to review and discuss the criminalization of – and the application of criminal law to – a HIV-infected person’s sexual contacts where HIV infection is transmitted, or may be transmitted from one person to another. Maintaining criminal sanctions for acts with a connection to HIV is a controversial issue, at least in HIV/AIDS work at an international level. Sweden, which is one of th

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a biomedically important enzyme that plays a crucial role in lipid biosynthesis. It is activated by a ligand-gated conformational change that is necessary for the enzyme to reach a catalytically competent conformation capable of efficient transition-state stabilization. While the human form (hlGPDH) has been the subject of extensive structural and biochemical

The indoor climate system, which serves a building with a proper indoor air quality and thermal comfort, has been predominantly designed based on the initial investment costs. A life cycle approach could improve both the economic and environmental performance since the energy use would decrease. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge, models and tools for determining the life cycle cost (LCC) for

Objective: In non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), local recurrence after transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) is common. Outcomes vary between urological centres, partly due to the sub-optimal surgical technique and insufficient application of measures recommended in the guidelines. This study evaluated early recurrence rates after primary TURB for NMIBC before and after introduci

BACKGROUND: Tofacitinib is a Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Prospective real-world data are scarce.OBJECTIVES: To collect data on clinical outcomes, including health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and fatigue during treatment with tofacitinib.DESIGN: This is a prospective observational multicentre study in Sweden. In this analysis, outcomes at weeks 2, 8 and

The human population and its food consumption continues to grow and the environmental impact of meeting future food demands depends on how we expand the food supply. Already, agricultural intensification has led to biodiversity declines, which in turn can have direct and indirect effects on agricultural production. For future sustainable production there is a need to support ecosystems and their a

Purpose: In addition to a breast density category, temporal changes in breast density have gained attention as a dynamic breast cancer risk marker. This case-control study aimed to investigate a potential change in breast density preceding tumor development and the relationship of this potential change to prognostic pathological tumor variables. Method: A total of 51 consecutive, eligible-for-anal

BACKGROUND:: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in 2000. The first 7-valent vaccine was followed by a 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) with the same conjugate, and a 10-valent vaccine (PCV10), conjugated to protein D from H. influenzae. The vaccines offer some protection against pneumococcal acute otitis media (AOM), and, with PCV10, possibly also some protection against H. influenzae AO

Objectives: Thoracic spine radiography becomes more difficult with age. Tomosynthesis is a low-dose tomographic extension of radiography which may facilitate thoracic spine evaluation. This study assessed the added value of tomosynthesis in imaging of the thoracic spine in the elderly. Methods: Four observers compared the image quality of 50 consecutive thoracic spine radiography and tomosynthesis

Background: There is limited knowledge concerning fall-related activity avoidance in people with Parkinson's disease (PD); such knowledge would be of importance for the development of more efficient PD-care and rehabilitation. This study aimed to examine how fall-related activity avoidance relates to a history of self-reported falls/near falls and fear of falling (FOF) as well as to disease severi

Patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) have poor prognosis. The STRATUS study assessed safety and efficacy of pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in the largest cohort to date of patients with RRMM. Patients who failed treatment with bortezomib and lenalidomide and had adequate prior alkylator therapy were eligible. Pomalidomide 4 mg was given on days 1-21 of 28-day

For elderly patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), there is no defined standard therapy. In this multicenter open-label phase I/II trial we evaluated the addition of lenalidomide (LEN) to rituximab-bendamustine (R-B) as first-line treatment to elderly MCL patients. Patients >65 years with untreated MCL, stage II-IV were eligible for inclusion. Primary endpoints were maximally tolerable dose (MT

Background: A recent publication on efficacy of Sprifermin for knee osteoarthritis (OA) using quantitatively MRI-defined central medial tibio-femoral compartment cartilage thickness as the structural primary endpoint reported no statistically significant dose response. However, Sprifermin was associated with statistically significant, dose-dependent reductions in loss of total and lateral tibio-fe

Predation is an interaction during which an organism kills and feeds on another organism. Past and current interest in studying predation in terrestrial habitats has yielded a number of methods to assess invertebrate predation events in terrestrial ecosystems. We provide a decision tree to select appropriate methods for individual studies. For each method, we then present a short introduction, key

This thesis concerns various aspects of somatic mosaicism and genetic intratumor heterogeneity in childhood cancer.In paper I, I show that aneuploidy in itself does not lead to the level of chromosomal instability that is typically seen in malignant cells. This finding strongly argues against the so called autocatalytic theory of carcinogenesis.Paper II illustrates that, in rare cases, low-level s

The bone material from three archaeological occupation phases at Huseby Klev provides the best source of evidence currently available about the subsistence strategies of pioneer settlers in Northern Europe. The results from Huseby Klev indicate that the pioneer settlers initially relied heavily on marine mammals for their sustenance. This subsistence strategy changed during the second and third oc

Introduction: Adjuvant endocrine therapy improves recurrence-free and overall survival in primary breast cancer. However, not all patients complete their planned treatment, mostly because of side-effects. The aim of this study was to examine the adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy in a cohort of primary breast cancer patients in Region Jönköping County, Sweden, after 3 and 5 years. Material an