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Membrane extraction techniques permit the application of classical liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) chemistry to instrumental and automated operation. Various shortcomings of LLE are overcome by membrane extraction techniques as they use none or very little organic solvents, high enrichment factors can be obtained and there are no problems with emulsions. A three phase SLM system (aq/org/aq), where
Behovet av att skapa hållbara och flexibla byggnader har vuxit under de senaste åren, inte minst för att möta högt uppsatta klimatmål. Utrymmena mellan byggnaderna, med andra ord utemiljöer, har regelbundet prioriterats sekundärt och anpassats i stor utsträckning efter det bebyggda behovet. Utemiljöer i urban kontext innehåller ofta mer eller mindre kollektiva varor, som är icke-exkluderbara och iThe need for sustainable and flexible buildings has grown in recent years in order to meet climate goals. However, outdoor environments have often been overlooked and is often strongly controlled by the built environment. These spaces hold significant social and ecological benefits but pose challenges for real estate companies as they lack direct financial returns. Well-designed outdoor environme
“ We are both created and create.Why cannot our own creations also create?” Så lät uttalandet från den australienska domaren i det patenträttsliga fallet DABUS. AI är ett väldiskuterat samhällsområde där utvecklingen går så snabbt att det är svårt för lagstiftningen att hinna med. Uppfinnarbegreppet i patenträtten baserar sig på att det är en fysisk person som är uppfinnare. Det är lagstiftat i en“We are both created and create. Why cannot our creations also create?” That was the statement of the Australian judge in the DABUS patent case. AI is a rapidly developing and often discussed aspect of society where its accelerated development makes it difficult for legislation to advance at the same rate. The concept of inventor in patent law is based on the fact that it is a natural person who i
The world is slowly moving towards a more environmentally friendly mindset and many companies, such as Tetra Pak® have followed this lead by producing more environmentally friendly products and developing better materials with less environmental impact. To accommodate these requirements, it is important that the package is recyclable. For a carton this is defined by the repulpability, i.e., the ab
På 1970-talet stämde en grupp samer den svenska staten då de ansåg sig ha bättre rätt till ett geografiskt område kallat Skattefjällen. Samer är av svenska staten erkända som ett ursprungsfolk, och som en minoritetsgrupp. Skattefjällsmålet togs upp av Högsta domstolen 1981 och resulterade i ett prejudikat som sedan dess haft stort inflytande på de flesta mål som berört samers rättigheter. Syftet In the 1970s a group of Sami people sued the Swedish State claiming a better right to a geographic area referred to as the Taxed Mountain (Skattefjällen). The Sami people are recognised as an indigenous people, and a minority group, by the Swedish State. The Taxed Mountain Case (Skattefjällsmålet), that reached the Supreme Court (Högsta domstolen) in the year of 1981, resulted in a precedent that
Neuromorphic computational networks, inspired by biological neural networks, provide a possible way of lowering computational energy cost, while at the same time allowing for much more sophisticated devices capable of real-time inferences and learning. Since simulating artificial neural networks on conventional computers is particularly inefficient, the development of neuromorphic devices is stron
Amine transaminases are valuable biocatalysts in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of chiral amines. Their high regioselectivity and inherent regeneration of cofactor pose them as a greener alternative to the chemical synthesis. However, their application is hampered by their limited stability and narrow substrate scope and product inhibition. Recently, a stable tetrameric amine trans
This section gives an overview of Lake Victoria, that is currently underutilized for cargo transportation by the 3 East African states of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, despite the great potential of this shared water body for multimodal transport and trade opportunities. In order to sustainably develop infrastructure on Lake Victoria, the three member states must adopt sustainable business models t
Stålindustrin står för uppskattningsvis 7–9 % av de globala växthusgasutsläppen. Därför måste stålindustrin bidra till minskningen av växthusgasutsläppen. Under lång tid har stålindustrin fokuserat på mindre och frekventa inkrementella minskningar av CO2 utsläpp genom energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. Dessa åtgärder kommer inte att räcka för att nå målen som är överenskomna i Parisavtalet eftersom uThe steel industry is accountable for approximately 7–9 % of global GHG emissions. Therefore, the steel industry must contribute to the reductiuon of emissions of GHG. For a long time, the industry has focused on minor and frequent incremental reductions of CO2 emissions by implementing energy efficiency measures. However, these types of measures will not be sufficient to reach the goals agreed up
Termen konkurrens uppfattas ofta som mångtydig. Trots dess ansedda mångtydighet företar konkurrensrätten som rättsområde att skydda konkurrensen. Sällan förekommer diskussioner i den juridiska litteraturen gällande betydelsen av konkurrens. De definitioner som har angetts förefaller undermåliga i relation to ordets allmänna innebörd. Hur kan vi då ha sammanhållet rättsområde samt skydda konkurrensThe word competition is often regarded as being ambiguous. Despite the word’s ambiguity the field of competition law undertakes to protect competition. In the legal literature the definition of the meaning of the word is seldom discussed. When it is being defined, the definitions appear to be inadequate regarding the words meaning in everyday speech. How it is then possible to have a coherent area
Målsättningen att minska koldioxidutsläppen i världen har lett till en ökad efterfrågan på elbilar. Elbilar ses som en nyckelfaktor för EU:s omställning till en klimatneutral ekonomi. Det ökar efterfrågan på nödvändiga råvaror till elbilsbatterier som EU vill trygga tillgången på. För det ändamålet har kommissionen tagit fram en handlingsplan om batterier. Handlingsplanen om batterier identifierarThe goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the world has led to increased demand for electric cars. Electric cars are seen as a key factor for the EU's transition to a climate-neutral economy. This increases the demand for the necessary raw materials for electric car batteries, which the EU wants to secure access to. To this end, the Commission has drawn up an action plan on batteries. T
The initial mass function (IMF) describes the stellar mass distribution for a population of stars at birth. This parameter represents a topic of long standing discussion within astronomy due to its apparent insensitive nature to environmental conditions. However, in the last decade, significant evidence suggesting the contrary has been presented. Due to the role of the IMF as an input variable for
Den i folkrätten vedertagna definitionen av jus cogens är att normerna är universella och tvingande med syfte att skydda vissa grundläggande värderingar. Det pågår emellertid en diskussion i den folkrättsliga doktrinen kring huruvida normer av sådan karaktär kan existera även i en uteslutande regional kontext, och rättighets- och skyldighetskatalogen i Europeiska konventionen om skydd för de mänskJus cogens, as established by international law, is defined as universal and peremptory norms with the objective of protecting certain fundamental values. There is, however, an ongoing debate in the international legal discourse as to whether norms of peremptory nature can exist in an exclusively regional context, and the rights and obligations in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) hav
In people’s modern life, daily usage of artificial compounds such as active pharmaceuticals ingredients (API) is usual. These compounds are likely to end up as micropollutants in the municipal wastewater. Municipal wastewater is the major source of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. These chemicals can affect the health and behavior of wildlife and the local ecological system. Thus, it is
The pace of implementing the 17 global sustainability goals must increase drastically. The complexity of the goals is a challenge and mapping out interactions between them is identified as a way to explore their system properties and improve implementation. Sustainability goal 12 (sustainable consumption and production) has been suggested as one of the areas that affects and interacts with most ot
Hållbarhetsfrågor tar stort fokus i dagens debatter, personliga livsstilar samt företagens marknadsföring och affärsmodeller. Miljöarbetet i byggsektorn drivs framåt via bland annat miljöcertifieringssystem. Framförallt nybyggnation präglas idag starkt av skärpta miljölagkrav och miljöcertifieringar tillämpas här i stor utsträckning. Vikten av miljöarbetet med redan befintliga byggnader hamnar oftThe subject sustainability is taking a great amount of spotlight in most debates of modern society. This time the focus is on business models and marketing as well as the influences that sustainable certification systems have within the building sector. Especially when constructing new buildings, the new and stricter sustainability laws and certifications are setting the foundations of a new era.
Under början av 1900-talet var illegala aborter ett samhällsproblem i Sverige. Fosterfördrivning var straffbelagt, kvinnor som blivit ovilligt gravida stod därför inför valet att antingen föda barnet eller genomföra abort på egen hand. År 1939 trädde den första lagen på området, lagen om avbrytande av havandeskap, 1938 års lag, i kraft. Lagen tillämpades mycket restriktivt och antalet illegala aboIllegal abortions were a social issue in Sweden during the 20th century. Abortions were punishable, and therefore a woman who became pregnant against her will stood before the choice of either unwillingly giving birth or carrying out an abortion on her own. In 1939 the first law on abortions came into force. The law was restrictively interpreted and the number of illegal abortions continued to inc
It can no longer be refuted that greywater reuse is paramount to curbing the persistent global water crisis. Of the domestic wastewaters, greywater is less polluted than blackwater, but treatment is still necessary to make it safe for reuse. The most common greywater reuse application is toilet flushing. However, the use of vacuum toilets in the Oceanhamnen project, covered in this thesis, means t
Coffee is one of the world’s largest trading goods and produced in a large number of countriesall over the world. The largest producers are from South America, Asia, Central America and Africa, and Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia and Indonesia are in order the largest producers,together producing more than the half of the world supply. During roasting of coffee the weight of the production batch decrea
