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The Commission has put forth a proposal for a Regulation on a Common European Law of Sales (CESL). It is envisaged – as of now – as an optional second regime within each member state‘s law, electable for transnational consumer contracts and contracts among traders, as long as one of them is a small or medium-sized enterprise. The intention is to provide contractors with a level playground of one l
This thesis examines a potential EU digital services tax under two aspects. Those are first, whether a sufficient legal basis is given for it within EU law and second, whether it would violate the EU’s duty to respect international law. To make the analysis more tangible it is based on the directive proposal for such a tax from 2018. In the first content part the concept of a digital services tax
Arbitration is generally viewed as a form of dispute resolution more or less removed from the control of states. Such a view is based on the notion that this form of dispute resolution rests upon an agreement between parties. Without questioning the notion of arbitration as resting upon an arbitration agreement, it can be argued that there also is significant state involvement. Such involvement in
Syftet med den här uppsatsen har sitt ursprung i den intressekonflikt som råder mellan upprätthållandet av den Europeiska unionens (EU) konkurrensregler, å ena sidan, och företagens klagomål över att deras mänskliga rättigheter kränkts, å andra sidan. Närmare bestämt handlar det om att väga effektiviteten av den Europeiska kommissionens befogenheter att undersöka företag enligt artiklarna 18 och 2The aim of this thesis originates from the existing conflict of interests between the enforcement of European Union (EU) competition law and the companies’ human rights grievances. The former is concerned with the effective functioning of the European Commission’s powers to investigate companies under Articles 18 and 20 of Regulation 1/2003. The latter addresses the rights of defense of the compan
It has been previously shown that an increase in the relative value of tea increases female survival rate by enhancing their economic value. By combining contemporary district-level census data with historical data on tea production, in this paper I examine whether contemporary regional variations in gender disparities across India can be traced back to the tea production induced by the British Ea
With fossil fuel-dependencies affecting energy generation, and renewables being contextually limited by intermittency and dispatchability issues, this work explores European Pressurized-water Reactors (EPRs) as a nuclear-based climate mitigation measure in France and in the EU. Through its conceptual framework, this paper evaluates the technical potential of EPRs through the gate-keeping effect of
I slutet av 2014 hade 38 miljoner människor runt om i världen flytt sina hem till följd av krig, konflikt och våld. Att rädda liv och minska lidandet för dessa flyktingar är syftet med humanitärlogistik. Beredskap en nyckelroll i humanitära organisationer eftersom det är ett verktyg för att minska det negativa genomslaget av framtida händelser. En vanlig beredskapsåtgärd är att så kallad för-positAt the end of 2014, 38 million people around the world had fled their homes due to man-made disasters such as war, armed conflict and violence. To save the lives and alleviate the suffering of these refugees and displaced is the purpose of Humanitarian Logistics. Preparedness is of key importance in humanitarian organisations as it is a tool to reduce the impact of coming events. One common prepar
Background: Up to half the residents of nursing homes for the elderly have asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), which should not be treated with antibiotics. A complementary test to discriminate between symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) and ABU is needed, as diagnostic uncertainty is likely to generate significant antibiotic overtreatment. Previous studies indicate that Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in
Conclusions. The presented analysis of nasal polyposis using connectivity based on the PubGene literature co-citation network demonstrates that this tool can be used to identify key genes in DNA microarray studies of human polygenic diseases. Objectives. DNA microarray studies of complex diseases may reveal differential expression of hundreds of genes. According to network theory and studies of ye
Qusta ibn Luqa (fl. 860) was a prominent figure in the Graeco-Arabic translation movement that reached its peak in the 9th century. At the request of wealthy and influential commissioners, Qusta translated Greek works on astronomy, mathematics, mechanics and natural science into Arabic. He also produced works of his own: more than sixty treatises are attributed to him. He wrote mainly on medical s
Objective: The Swedish Registry for Active Treatment of Uraemia (SRAU) was founded in 1991 with the objective of documenting demographic data on patients treated for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, incidence, comorbidity risk factors and survival of patients with ESRD who underwent dialysis treatment and/or kidney transplantation in Sweden betw
On the basis of existing detailed kinetic schemes a general and consistent mechanism of the oxidation of hydrocarbons and the formation of higher hydrocarbons was compiled for computational studies covering the characteristic properties of a wide range of combustion processes. Computed ignition delay times of hydrocarbon -oxygen mixtures (CH4-, C2H6-, C3H8-, n-C4H10-, CH4 + C2H6-, C2H4, C3H6-O-2)
Background: People of low socioeconomic status have worse health and a higher probability of being granted a disability pension than people of high socioeconomic status. It is also known that public and private general physicians and public and private specialists have varying practices for issuing sick leave certificates ( which, if longstanding, may become the basis of disability pensions). Howe
Objective The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of atomoxetine in combination with psychoeducation, compared with placebo and psychoeducation, on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in Swedish stimulant-naive pediatric patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). HRQL results will be presented elsewhere. Here, psychoeducation as well as efficacy and safet
Transcription factors encoded by different members of the MADS-box gene family have evolved central roles in the regulation of reproductive organ development in the flowering plants, the angiosperms. Development of the stamens and carpels, the pollen- and seed-bearing organs, involves the B- and C-organ-identity MADS-box genes. B- and C-type gene orthologs with activities specifically in developin
The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics in relation to final amputation level in diabetic patients with foot ulcers. In a prospective series, 187 consecutively presenting patients were investigated. From admission until final outcome, the patients were treated by a multidisciplinary team both as in- and out-patients. All the patients had one or more signs of neuropathy a
Objective: To compare the efficacy of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) taking concomitant methotrexate (MTX) by calculating the number needed to treat (NNT) using three different methods. Methods: A systematic literature search of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE was conducted from inception to 30 June 2006. Two pairs of investi
