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In 2018 the South Korean Supreme Court declared the Military Service Act unconstitutional and mandated that the National Assembly implement an alternative service for those who object to military service for moral or religious reasons. This ruling is a reversal from previous cases dealing with the same issue. Using theories of institutional change, this paper investigates the evolution of the judi
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is the most common enterotoxin found in outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP). Based on the amount of SEA produced, S. aureus strains were divided into two main groups, high- and low-SEA-producing strains. The differences in the amounts of SEA formed were found to be associated with the levels of expression of the sea gene and the bacteriophage version
Abstract in Italian La prostituzione non è mai stata oggetto di penalizzazione nel diritto svedese. Tuttavis, l'acquisto di prestazioni sessuali è sanzionato penalmente. È quindi il cliente che commette un reato, mentre la prostituta non è punita come concorrente. La disciplina non fa differenze di genere e rende punibile anche il tentativo. La pena massima per tale reato è (dal 2011) di un anno d
The design process of buildings has historically treated mechanical, electrical, plumbing (MEP) Systems, particularly Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) as an afterthought which leads to compromised spatial qualities inefficient routing systems. This systemic marginalisation of environmental engineering withing architectural discourse has traditionally prioritised the visual form of
Kollektivtrafikplanering är en balansakt. Å ena sidan är det viktigt att satsa där det finns potential för många resor. Då krävs en koncentration av resurserna till stråk och noder med stort befolkningsunderlag. Å andra sidan är det också angeläget att skapa en rättvis fördelning av den offentliga service som utgörs av kollektivtrafiksystemet, så att även människor i mer glesbefolkade områden ges This thesis addresses the demand for more knowledge regarding regional public transport (between urban areas or to and from rural areas). More specifically, the aim is to develop a better understanding of the effects of different service planning decisions in terms of different trade-offs and their impacts on the overarching objectives of public transport provision. The studied trade-offs concern,
The study examines trends in part-time employment among school students (15–20 years old) in Sweden. Using data from the Swedish Labor Force Survey (2006–2019) and population-based registries, the article analyzes developments in employment rates and work patterns. The results indicate a rapid increase in part-time work, particularly in the hospitality sector, which underscores how young student-w
Sustainability involves not only the analysis of social-environmental systems but also the dynamics of-economic and political structures. In Ecuador, pressing environmental issues such as climate change,-biodiversity loss, and soil degradation are intricately tied to both local and global extractive economies,-including industries related to fossil fuels, minerals, and biological resources. The An
Perceptions of human-Nature relations (HNRs) have been long theorised to be one of the factors causing global warming and environmental degradation. While individuals in Western societies have been increasingly recognising intrinsic values in Nature, ‘Mastery over Nature’, considered as prompting harmful interactions with Nature, is still prevalent at the social level. Social movements, such as De
The school segregation has been growing in the Swedish schooling system in the recent years, where pupils with different backgrounds to a lower extent meet each other in the schooling system. At the same time the differences in results between schools, and the relationship between family background and pupils’ school results is increasing. This has spurred a political will to act on the growing sc
The conceptual shift in expectations of wireless users from voice towards multimedia, from availability towards acceptable quality, and from stand-alone towards group-oriented computing has a big impact on the needs of today's networks in terms of mobility, quality of service (QoS) support, and multicasting. Ad hoc networks can provide users with these features. However, it is necessary to develop
Detta examensarbete behandlar olika aspekter av internationell investeringsrätt. Bilaterala eller regionala investeringsavtal tillsammans med internationell sedvanerätt reglerar mestadels rättsområdet. Sedvanerätten är inte harmoniserad på området vilket gör den osäker för investerare. För att främja investeringar och göra investeringar säkrare började länder förhandla bilaterala investeringsavtalThis thesis deals with various aspects of international investment law. Bilateral or regional investment treaties together with international customary law mostly govern international investment law. The area of customary law is not harmonized leaving it uncertain and unsafe for investors. Countries therefore started to negotiate bilateral investment treaties, BITs, in the late 1950´s as a way of
Social and physical activities can improve sleep in older people. However, living in a residential care facility has been associated with a limited potential for activities and increased inactivity, reflected in poor sleep among residents. In turn, poor sleep can impair physical and mental functions. This paper explores sleep habits and everyday activities at three residential care facilities and
Long-distance migratory animals such as birds and bats have evolved to withstand selection imposed by pathogens across the globe, and pathogen richness is known to be particularly high in tropical regions. Immune genes, so-called Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes, are highly duplicated in songbirds compared to other vertebrates, and this high MHC diversity has been hypothesised to resul
