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Urea is a very attractive chemical raw material for large-scale production as it combines low cost with virtually unlimited supply and essentially no toxic effects. Here, we present a study on its use in the dehydration of trimethylolpropane with formation of 3-ethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane. The reaction consists of carbonylation of trimethylolpropane and subsequent extrusion of carbon dioxide. T

Background: The ABILHAND questionnaire is recommended to assess perceived manual ability after stroke; however, more knowledge on interpretability is needed to improve the clinical applicability. Objectives: To determine clinically meaningful cutoff scores for different levels of perceived manual ability, assessed by ABILHAND, corresponding to established observed and perceived upper extremity ass

The reliable detection of neutrons in a harsh gamma-ray environment is an important aspect of establishing non-destructive methods for the characterization of spent nuclear fuel. In this study, we present results from extended in-situ monitoring of detector systems consisting of commercially available components: EJ-426, a 6Li-enriched solid-state scintillator material sensitive to thermal neutron

Background: Patent false lumen has been shown to have a negative impact on prognosis after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). We aimed to assess the effect of postoperative anticoagulation on false lumen patency and clinical outcomes in relation to false lumen status. Methods: Postoperative computed tomographies of 156 patients undergoing ATAAD DeBakey type I surgery were retrospe

Investigation of large populations of peteinoid acritarchs recovered from Middle Ordovician strata of the Hälludden and Horns Udde quarry sections (Öland, Sweden) allows for statistical analyses based on morphometric measurements. The results indicate the presence of assemblages with a continuous variability of morphotypes, thus a distinction of different peteinoid acritarch taxa in the sections p

This paper examined the effects of a blogging centered curriculum on the development of Internet self-efficacy of students taking a general education class. The class used a hybrid model (in class and online) that both integrated and strongly encouraged blogging on a community style, open source blog. The curriculum was designed to both create a more distributed educational structure and to develo

Differences between 10Be records from Greenland and Antarctica over the last 100 years have led to different conclusions about past changes in solar activity. The reasons for this disagreement remain unresolved. We analyze a seasonally resolved 10Be record from a firn core (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling [NEEM] ice core project) in Northwestern Greenland for 1887–2002. By comparing the NEEM d

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology has been proved a promising approach to solve the problems of energy shortages and environmental pollution damages. It can convert unlimited solar energy resources into energy forms needed by mankind. The development of highly efficient photoanodes is a key step in realizing the large-scale practical application of PEC systems. However, the development of PEC

Industrial energy efficiency is important for reducing CO2 emissions and could be a competitive advantage for companies because it can reduce costs. However, cost-effective energy efficiency measures are not always implemented because there are barriers inhibiting their implementation. Drivers for energy efficiency could provide means for overcoming these barriers. The aim of this article was to s

Combustion of fossil diesel is a major environmental problem for both the climate and human health. Renewable diesel fuels have been developed and introduced to the market to reduce the net CO2 emissions. Emission control strategies, such as aftertreatment systems, have been implemented to reduce the health hazardous particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. The overall aim of t

Hypothesis: Low-frequency Raman (LFR) spectroscopy is proposed as a novel non-destructive methodology to probe pH-related phase transitions in self-assembled lipid particles. In this case, dispersed lipid mesophases were composed of ionisable oleic acid (OA) or nicergoline (NG) in monoolein (MO). The sensitivity of LFR spectroscopy to low-energy intermolecular vibrations was hypothesised to be due

Protein drugs, such as therapeutic antibodies, are complex and require careful handling to maintain their efficacy and quality. Stress factors in hospitals, like temperature variations and mechanical shocks during transport, may negatively impact the stability of protein drugs (e.g. various monoclonal antibodies). The pharmaceutical industry possesses extensive knowledge about their product formul

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is an inflammatory marker that has been shown to predict poorer outcomes in cardiovascular disease and after cardiac surgery. The relationship between suPAR concentrations and postoperative complications after valvular surgery, however, remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the predictive value of suPAR concentrations for infection, a

The judgments of the European Court of Human Rights manifest a mixture of factual and legal causation, when the Court reasons whether omissions should be the basis for breach of positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. However, considerations that can be generally framed as normative govern the reasoning, which implies domination of legal causation. Yet, the Court still

Background: Extended reality (XR), encompassing technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality, has rapidly gained prominence in health care. However, existing XR research often lacks rigor, proper controls, and standardization. Objective: To address this and to enhance the transparency and quality of reporting in early-phase clinical evaluations of XR applications, we

Background People with serious respiratory illness frequently have a high symptom burden and may be prescribed supplemental oxygen therapy with the aims of reducing the severity of breathlessness and improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of oxygen therapy versus no oxygen on 1) breathlessness, 2) HRQoL and 3) ad

Background: Psychiatric disorders have been associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, to our knowledge, no nationwide study has examined the familial association between VTE and psychiatric disorders. Objectives: We took a pedigree-based approach and examined the risk of psychiatric disorders in offspring from extended pedigrees according to the densities of VTE in pedigrees. Methods: