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The oceans mediate the response of global climate to natural and anthropogenic forcings. Yet for the past 2,000 years - a key interval for understanding the present and future climate response to these forcings - global sea surface temperature changes and the underlying driving mechanisms are poorly constrained. Here we present a global synthesis of sea surface temperatures for the Common Era (CE)
Animals use vision over a wide range of light intensities, from dim starlight to bright sunshine. For animals active in very dim light the visual system is challenged by several sources of visual noise. Adaptations in the eyes, as well as in the neural circuitry, have evolved to suppress the noise and enhance the visual signal, thereby improving vision in dim light. Among neural adaptations, spati
Multicomponent reactions are attractive for assembling functionalized heterocyclic compounds. To this end, an efficient gold-catalyzed three-component domino reaction to form oxazoles directly from imines, alkynes, and acid chlorides is presented. The reaction proceeds in a single synthetic step by using a gold(III)-N,N'-ethylenebis(salicylimine) (salen) catalyst to give trisubstituted oxazoles in
This article focuses on co-creation as a strategy and the challenge of applying theories of co-creation in practice. Place branding and a co-creative strategy based on art is used as an example of a special type of public relations concerned with building connections between stakeholders and a specific place. This is investigated through an analysis of how key internal stakeholders in a municipali
We describe the formation and structure of nucleolipid/dendrimer multilayer films controlled by non-covalent interactions to obtain biomaterials that exhibit molecular recognition of nucleic acids. Layers of cationic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of generation 4 and the anionic nucleolipids 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylnucleosides (DLPNs) based on uridine (DLPU) and adenosine (DLPA
The enforcement and implementation of separate aspects of sustainable development and environmental sustainability can be challenging and innovative due to the complexity of this task. Appropriate policy and legal approaches and tools can be needed for this purpose. In this article, the EU experience of developing the framework for sustainable transport biofuels and special structural elements for
The concept ‘adult education’ is usually restricted to organisations where the cultural and societal development of the participants is emphasised. The title of this paper suggests that vocational education and training, too, has been important in adult education. In this paper, the opportunities for adults in Sweden in vocational education and training in the period 1918-1968 are explored with a
Following the inauguration of the ministry for Immigration, Integration, Co-development and National identity (MIICNI) in May 2007, French national identity has been the focus of close scrutiny. In a pioneering governmental project France is seeking to promote national identity, but is the promotion of national identity compatible with multicultural diversity? The paper is a discussion of the gove
The Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi order has spread throughout the world extensively since it was founded in 1973 by its Sheikh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani. The present thesis analyses one local branch of that order in Eastern London within a theoretical framework of New Social Movements, as formulated by the Italian sociologist Alberto Melucci. A general picture of Muslim presence in Britain is given
The aim of this thesis is to identify the key factors that affect the biomass potential for energy purposes in the EU-15 in the short term (2010) and in the long term (2050) and to examine the extent to which these factors are taken into consideration in recent European biomass potential studies. In the short term, the production and use of energy carriers based on renewable energy sources (RES) n
Patent pools are contractual agreements where patent rights are transferred to a common holding company for the purpose of jointly licensing of patent portfolios. They have posed and still constitute one of the major challenges to competition policy. The arrangements have the ability to integrate complementary technology, reduce transaction costs and avoid infringement. At the same time, they cons
During the past two decades several studies pointed out the contradiction between abundance of natural resources and its negative impact on economic growth and development. This paradox has been widely observed and documented throughout the development literature. In this context, China’s increasing demand for natural resources and consequent growing trade and influence in developing countries has
During the past years Enterprise 2.0 has become widely spread among organization. However is there not enough awareness in the organizations concerning the necessary organizational changes which companies need to address when planning for the shift to Enterprise 2.0. In this study we aim to indentify solutions for success which affect if an Enterprise 2.0 implementation will succeed or not and how
Purpose: To investigate how consumers understand free services on the Internet. Theories: The research is primarily based upon theories of gift giving. Methodology and analysis: The Internet is not a tangible marketplace and in order to understand the value of the free services online, we used consumers' behavioral accounts to explain how they perceive the free services that are common online.
This thesis visits the forefront of algorithmic research on edge coloring of cubic graphs. We select a set of algorithms that are among the asymptotically fastest known today. Each algorithm has exponential time complexity, owing to the NP-completeness of edge coloring, but their space complexities differ greatly. They are implemented in a popular high-level programming language to compare their p
The thesis introduces a range of communication protocols used to implementing smart homes currently available on the market. Two protocols are chosen and theoretically analysed in depth. The analysis both describes how the protocols works and describes the measures taken in order to protect it against attacks from third parties. The theoretical evaluation analyses how susceptible the protocols are
Direct Fastening tools are popular for quick fastenings in concrete and steel by propelling the nail with gun powder, gas or electricity. Because of this the users hand needs to absorb a shock caused by the recoil when a setting is performed. The link between the recoil and its effect on the user is essentially unexplored. This makes it hard to design an optimum handle for a direct fastening tool
