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Objectives: To explore availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines for diabetes and hypertension treatment in private pharmacies in three provinces of Zambia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 99 pharmacies across three Zambian provinces. Methods were based on a standardized methodology by the World Health Organization and Health Action International. Availabilit
The influence of grain boundaries on the mechanical properties of poly-crystalline metals is well known. Here we investigate the influence from a centrally placed grain boundary in nano-sized beams of Cu subjected to tensile loading. The crystallographic orientations in the grains are [100], [110] and [111]. The investigation is performed by means of molecular dynamic simulations employing the molThe influence of grain boundaries on the mechanical properties of poly-crystalline metals is well known. Here we investigate the influence from a centrally placed grain boundary in nano-sized beams of Cu subjected to tensile loading. The crystallographic orientations in the grains are [100], [110] and [111]. The investigation is performed by means of molecular dynamic simulations employing the mol
Dagens planeringssystem är uppdelat på många aktörer och har traditionellt drivits av fokus på prognoser, kostnadseffektivitet, och samhällsekonomisk lönsamhet. Klimatutmaningen ställer delvis helt nya krav på planeringen, med ett fokus på att utveckla styrmedel som på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt leder till de utsläppsminskningar som behövs. I detta behövs en större uppmärksamhet på de sociala effe
Background Problem gambling is a public health issue and its comorbidity with other health conditions may provide an opportunity for screening in healthcare settings; however, a high level of uncertainty and a lack of research in the field remains. The objective of this study is to investigate potential associations between problem gambling and numerous other health conditions, including substance
Besvär från rörelseorganen, framför allt från rygg och nacke är en av de vanligaste anledningarna till sjukfrånvaro i västvärlden. Patienter med dessa besvär utgör en stor andel av de som söker primärvården där fysioterapi ofta är första linjens vård. Rygg och nacksmärta kan orsaka nedsatt funktion och aktivitetsförmåga vilket ofta innebär en betydande förlust av livskvaliteten samt ekonomiska konPatients with back and neck pain are frequently seen in primary care, where they are directed to physiotherapy as first-line treatment. The condition affects both the individual, by causing pain and disability, and society, because of high costs caused by work disability and health care consumption. Clinicians need tools to identify, at an early stage, patients at risk of poor outcome, in order to
Air pollution and climate change have a significant impact on human health and well-being and contribute to the onset and aggravation of allergic rhinitis and asthma among other chronic respiratory diseases. In Westernized countries, households have experienced a process of increasing insulation and individuals tend to spend most of their time indoors. These sequelae implicate a high exposure to i
Compared to other organisms in which the fatty acyl desaturases (FADs) are mostly involved in normal cellular lipid metabolism, moth FADs have evolved extent functions in the biosynthesis of sex pheromones. Female moths releasespecies-specific sex pheromones to attract conspecific males over a long distance for mating. Moth FADs are key enzymes producing the great diversity of moth sex pheromones.
In this work, a combination of sonication and carbon dioxide expanded liquid extraction (SA-CXLE) is used for the first time for the extraction of lipids from berry seeds. Three solvents (ethanol, methanol and ethyl lactate) are screened for the best recoveries of total lipids. Ethanol is selected due to its efficiency, greenness and sustainability. The effects of operation variables including tem
Background: Analysis of sialic acid (SA) metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is important for clinical diagnosis. In the present study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) method for free sialic acid (FSA) and total sialic acid (TSA) in human CSF was validated. Methods: The method utilized a simple sample-preparation procedure of protein precipitatio
Background: National guidelines are important instruments in reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions. Low adherence to guidelines is an acknowledged problem that needs to be addressed. Method: We evaluated established characteristics for guidelines in the guidelines for lower respiratory tract infection, acute otitis media and pharyngotonsillitis in primary care. We studied how doctors use
BACKGROUND: The recent discovery and specific functions of D-amino acids in humans are bound to lead to the revelation of D-amino acid abnormalities in human disorders. Therefore, high-throughput analysis techniques are warranted to determine D-amino acids in biological fluids in a routine laboratory setting. METHODS: We developed 2 chromatographic techniques, a nonchiral derivatization with chira
Agricultural intensification and associated loss of high-quality habitats are key drivers of insect pollinator declines. With the aim of decreasing the environmental impact of agriculture, the 2014 EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) defined a set of habitat and landscape features (Ecological Focus Areas: EFAs) farmers could select from as a requirement to receive basic farm payments. To inform th
The excessive use of pesticides is a serious health problem due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation through the food chain. Due to the complexity of foods, the analysis of pesticides is challenging often giving large matrix effects and co‐extracted compounds. To overcome this problem, a selective and “green” supercritical fluid extraction method was developed, using neat carbon dioxide as a solv
Background: Treatment of postoperative pain remains a significant clinical problem, and prediction of patients with a risk of higher postoperative pain levels is an important focus. We aimed to identify patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) with risk of higher pain levels at 24 h postoperatively by using four simple and easily available clinical tools. Methods: This prospective observat
Progresses in reconstructing Earth's history of biomass burning has motivated the development of a modern charcoal dataset covering the last decades through a community-based initiative called the Global Modern Charcoal Dataset (GMCD). As the frequency, intensity and spatial scale of fires are predicted to increase regionally and globally in conjunction with changing climate, anthropogenic activit
In a case-control study including 237 cases with soft tissue sarcoma and 237 controls, previous jobs and exposures to different agents, including pesticides, were assessed. Exposure to phenoxyacetic acids or chlorophenols gave a statistically significant increased rate ratio (RR) of 1.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-3.18] for soft tissue sarcoma. Exposure to phenoxyacetic acids of all type
Background: It is well known that a severe cell injury after exposure to ionizing radiation is the induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). After exposure, an early response to DSBs is the phosphorylation of the histone H2AX molecule regions adjacent to the DSBs, referred to as γ-H2AX foci. The γ-H2AX assay after external exposure is a good tool for investigating the link between the absorbed
Friction, wear, and emission performance strongly depend on the contact pressure and area at the interface of the pad and disc. The contact situation at the pad-to-disc interface can be explained by the formation and destruction of mesoscopic sized contact plateaus on the pad surface. Experimental studies report that the initial surface roughness of cermet-coated discs strongly affects friction, w
The ambition to keep global warming well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, as recognised in the Paris Agreement, implies a reorientation towards low-carbon societal development and, ultimately, the decarbonisation of human societies and economies. While climate policy has been geared towards achieving set emission reduction targets, the decarbonisation of key socioeconomic sectors such as ene
