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Background: Selection and selection bias are terms that lack consistent definitions and have varying meaning and usage across disciplines. There is also confusion in current definitions between underlying mechanisms that lead to selection and their consequences. Consequences of selection on study validity must be judged on a case-by-case basis depending on research question, study design and analy
High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which
Although progress has been made to improve access to sexual and reproductive health services globally in the past two decades, in many low-income countries, improvements have been slow. Discrimination against vulnerable groups and failure to address health inequities openly and comprehensively play a role in this stagnation. Healthcare practitioners are important actors who, often alone, decide wh
Metabolic responses to food influence risk of cardiometabolic disease, but large-scale high-resolution studies are lacking. We recruited n = 1,002 twins and unrelated healthy adults in the United Kingdom to the PREDICT 1 study and assessed postprandial metabolic responses in a clinical setting and at home. We observed large inter-individual variability (as measured by the population coefficient of
The convergence of advances in medical science, human biology, data science and technology has enabled the generation of new insights into the phenotype known as ‘diabetes’. Increased knowledge of this condition has emerged from populations around the world, illuminating the differences in how diabetes presents, its variable prevalence and how best practice in treatment varies between populations.
Statins may have anti-cancer effects against breast cancer, but evidence regarding their influence on the risk of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) remains inconclusive. In this updated study, incorporating a larger sample, extended follow-up, and landmark analyses, we reevaluated the association between post-diagnosis statin use and CBC incidence among women with breast cancer. Utilising the Dani
This study presents a modular approach for the synthesis of multifunctional affinity sorbents, facilitating molecular separation via magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers. A magnetic propranolol-imprinted polymer (MIP) nanocomposite with superparamagnetic characteristics was synthesized through precipitation polymerization process coupled with coprecipitation methods. Initially, the propranolol-
PURPOSE: Early administration of beta-lactam antibiotics is a crucial part in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Beta-lactams demonstrate time-dependent killing and therefore it is important to optimize the time above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). An extra dose is recommended in threatening/suspected/confirmed septic shock. This study aimed to examine whether patients with sus
Electrospinning is a versatile technique for manufacturing micro-nano diameter fibers and has been used extensively for tissue engineering in vivo and advanced cell culture in vitro. Standard means of seeding cells onto such substrates typically offer no control over cell distribution, yielding dispersed, heterogeneous and low concentrations of cells. In this article, we investigate the viability
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely applied in fields ranging from solid-state lighting and high-resolution displays to optical communication and sensing. Despite their remarkable technological development, conventional thin-film LEDs remain constrained by strain-induced defects from lattice mismatch and restricted light extraction efficiency due to total internal reflection. Exploration of al
IntroductionForensic assessments of whether an injury would have been life-threatening often rely on empirical knowledge rather than evidence-based criteria. To address this gap, we applied the validated trauma scoring system New Injury Severity Score (NISS) to estimate mortality risk along the natural course of single stab injuries to the trunk.Methods and materialsWe included 408 survivors and 1
Nickel phosphides are promising earth-abundant, low-cost catalysts for hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions and CO2 reduction. However, their formation mechanisms remain poorly understood and difficult to control. This particularly applies to mechanisms determining phase evolution, crystallinity, and morphology under reactive conditions, factors that critically influence catalytic activity and stab
Standard quantum measurements are projective. However, the full scope of quantum measurements is represented by positive operator-valued measures (POVMs) and many of these break the limitations of projective measurements as resources in quantum information. It is therefore natural to consider how accurately an experimenter with access only to projective measurements and classical processing can si
Background: The use of high-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) compared with standard low-flow oxygen therapy (LFOT) may improve outcomes in people with oxygen-dependent chronic respiratory failure (CRF). The primary aim of this multicentre trial was to evaluate HFOT in addition to LFOT, compared with regular LFOT in people with CRF due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial lung
Streptococcus pneumoniae resists host defenses through multiple surface factors, yet their specific contribution to protection against antimicrobial peptides remains incompletely understood. We examined the role of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and the polysaccharide capsule in protection against the human defensin HNP-1. PspA conferred increased resistance to HNP-1-induced killing, shown
The Bcl-2 family of proteins governs mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) permeabilization, a critical step in apoptosis that is dysfunctional in many cancers. Although cellular studies have long implicated direct interactions between the pore-forming apoptotic Bax protein and its opponent, the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein in apoptosis regulation, the underlying basic principles behind this control r
Background: The incidence of pancreatic cancer (PC) and autoimmune diseases (ADs) has been increasing worldwide. While certain associations between specific ADs, such as pancreatitis, and PC have long been well confirmed, population-focused research investigating the broader spectrum of ADs and their relationship with PC risk remains limited. Methods: We implemented a cohort study based on populat
First sphere engineering has enabled potent artificial phosphatases, but strategies that generate enzyme-like second-sphere effects with simple disordered materials remain limited. Here we demonstrate that partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA80, 80% hydrolyzed) acts as a minimalist soft matter scaffold that amplifies the hydrolytic activity of hydrated Zn(II). Rather than functioning as
