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Provupparbetning är ett viktigt steg i många metoder för kemisk analys.Detta gäller framförallt fasta prover då de kemiska ämnena som avses för analys, även kallade analyter, måste extraheras ut. Det vill säga att genomföra en överföring av analyter från provet till ett lösningsmedel. Därefter kan halten bestämmas med de metoder som ofta finns till hands i ett analyslaboratorium. I de fall då fettSupercritical fluid extraction is an extraction technique suitable for lipophilic compounds from solid samples. Most commonly supercritical carbon dioxide is the main component in the extraction phase, rendering the technique relatively environmentally benign. The extraction technique is rapid due to the low viscosity and the high diffusivity of analytes in the supercritical extraction phase.The s

The genus Bicyclus is one of the largest groups of African butterflies, but due to the generally cryptic nature and seasonal variation of adult wing patterns, there has been a lot of systematic confusion. With a large research community working with the model species Bicyclus anynana there has been increasing interest in the evolutionary history of the genus. A previous phylogeny started to unrave

Arabinofuranosidases degrade arabinose-containing oligo and polysaccharides, releasing l-arabinose, which is a potentially useful sugar, shown to reduce glycemic response under certain conditions. Arabinofuranosidases (Arafs) are frequently found in GH43, one of the most common GH-families encoded in genomes in gut microbiota, and hence it is of interest to increase understanding of the function o

BACKGROUND: Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis (CRSwNP) is a chronic disease that has a major impact on generic and disease-specific quality of life. Little is known about the influence of CRSwNP on sleep and what effect surgery for CRSwNP has on sleep quality. The aim of the study was to investigate sleep quality in patients with CRSwNP before and after endoscopic surgery.METHODOLOGY: Fo

Objective - To evaluate antihypertensive treatment and other cardiovascular risk factors in primary health care. Design - Cross-sectional survey of consecutive patients with treated hypertension in 1999. Setting - 17 primary care centres in Sweden. Subjects - 512 patients (mean age 67; SD 11 years). Main outcome measures - Antihypertensive treatment, cardiovascular risk factors. Results - Patients

When designing symmetric ciphers, security and performance are of utmost importance. When selecting a symmetric encryption algorithm, the first choice is whether to choose a block cipher or a stream cipher. Most modern block ciphers offer a sufficient security and a reasonably good performance. But a block cipher must usually be used in a stream cipher mode of operation, which suggests that using

In attempting to restore the chronic phase (CP) of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), the Swedish CML group utilized an intensive chemotherapy protocol for 83 patients (aged 16-79 years) in accelerated (AP, n = 22) or blastic phase (BC, n = 61). Most patients received a combination of mitoxantrone (12 mg/m(2) /d) and etoposide (100 mg/m(2) /d) together with cytosine arabinoside (1 g/m(2) b.i.d)

OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the efficacy and safety of therapy for patients with histologically mild hepatitis C virus (HCV) liver disease. DESIGN : A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of interferon alpha-2b with or without ribavirin. SETTING : Regional and university hospitals. PARTICIPANTS : One hundred and sixteen treatment naive patients with mild chronic HCV infection. Mild HCV i

Hematopoietic stem cell lineage choices are decided by genetic networks that are turned ON/OFF in a switch-like manner. However, prior to lineage commitment, genes are primed at low expression levels. Understanding the underlying molecular circuitry in terms of how it governs both a primed state and, at the other extreme, a committed state is of relevance not only to hematopoiesis but also to deve

Optimum daily light-use efficiency (LUE) and normalized canopy photosynthesis (GEE*) rate, a proxy for LUE, have been derived from eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements obtained at a range of sites located in the mid to high latitudes. These two variables were analyzed with respect to environmental conditions, plant functional types (PFT) and leaf nitrogen concentration, in an attempt to character

Popular Abstract in Swedish Mycket få människor omkring oss vet innebörden av ordet kavitation, förutom de som såg filmen "The Hunt for Red October" och kan relatera kavitation till Sean Connery i en ubåt. Kavitation motsvarar bildandet av bubblor, som kan likna kokande vatten i en kastrull. Men den uppstår inte på grund av en hög temperatur utan på grund av ett lågt tryck. Den finns i de flesta tVery few people around us know the meaning of the word cavitation, except from those who saw the movie "The Hunt for Red October" and can relate cavitation to Sean Connery in a submarine. Some of them know that it corresponds to the formation of bubbles, due to a pressure drop, and causes erosion and noise. However, cavitation is much more complex. A large amount of research work has been done ove

Background: Levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) is available in several countries for the treatment of advanced levodopa-responsive Parkinson’s disease (PD) with severe motor fluctuations and dyskinesia when other treatments have not given satisfactory results. Objective: Our objective was to summarize the present evidence base for LCIG therapy through a systematic review of the literature. M

Sedan hösten 2006 har lagstiftningsprocessen fått ett nytt inslag. Ett oreglerat och nästan okänt inslag, men ack så viktigt. När de fyra borgerliga partierna under åren 2004-2006 förberedde ett eventuellt regeringsskifte efter valet 2006 så var den s.k. Äntringsstyrkans arbete mycket viktigt. Ett av deras viktigaste förslag var att en mekanism för all samordning mellan de fyra partierna skulle inSince fall 2006, the legislative process has a new element. An unregulated and almost unknown element, however very important. When the four center right wing parties during the years 2004-2006 were preparing a possible change of government after the 2006 election, the work of the so-called “Äntringsstyrkan” was very important. One of their main proposals was that a mechanism for all coordination

Den 31 mars 2016 trädde Arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrifter (AFS 2015:4) om organisatorisk och social arbetsmiljö (OSA) i kraft och ersatte tre andra på området gällande föreskrifter. Genom OSA förstärks och försvagas olika regleringar som gynnar arbetstagarintresset av psykisk hälsa i arbetslivet respektive arbetsgivarintresset av arbetsledningsrätt på bekostnad av varandra. Undersökningen visar atOn March 31, 2016, the Swedish Work Environment Authority’s regulations (AFS 2015:4) on organizational and social work environment (OSA) came into force and replaced three other regulations on the topic. OSA strengthens and weakens various regulations that promote the employee interest of mental health in working life, respectively employers’ interests of work management right, at the expense of e

På senare år har utvecklingen inom EU på konkurrensrättens område medfört ett ökat fokus på privat tillämpning av konkurrensreglerna, där skadeståndstalan vid skada som uppstått till följd av överträdelser av EU:s antitrustregler utgör en särskilt viktig del. Rätten till skadestånd vid överträdelse av EU:s antitrustregler fastslogs av EU-domstolen i det s.k. Courage-målet år 2001. I de allra flestIn recent years, the development within the European Union in the field of competition law has brought an increased attention to private enforcement of competition law. Actions for damages following damage caused by restrictions of competition are of special importance in promoting such private enforcement. The right to claim damages for breach of EU antitrust rules was established by the Court of

The Arctic tundra has been considered as one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change. One impact of global warming is that permafrost thawing could result in more waterlogged and anaerobic conditions, and consequently an increasing release of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. These potential CH4 emissions can further amplify global warming. Therefore, it is important to assess the quan

I juni förra året föreslog Kommissionen att tillämpningen av Koncentrationsförordningen skulle utvidgas till att omfatta icke-kontrollerande minoritetsförvärv. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att bedöma huruvida den föreslagna reformen är motiverad från ett rättsligt perspektiv. Det finns belägg för att icke-kontrollerande minoritetsförvärv kan ha väsentliga negativa effekter för konkurrensen. SåIn June 2013, the Commission proposed that the scope of merger control in the EU should be extended to include non-controlling minority shareholding acquisitions. The purpose of this thesis is to assess whether the proposed legal reform is motivated from a legal perspective. There is proof that non-controlling minority shareholdings may have significant anti-competitive effects. Indeed, such acqu

Abstract The aim of this research was to peruse the verdicts of custody disputes were violence against the mother has occurred. In 2005, a study by Barnombudsmannen presented a result that showed that 43 % of custody disputes were domestic violence occurred was convicted joint custody. The result leaded to a restriction of Swedish family law in 2006. This study therefor aims to examine how the cou