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Background: Randomized placebo-controlled trials represent the gold standard in evaluating healthcare interventions but are rarely performed within orthopedics. Ethical concerns or well-known challenges in recruiting patients for surgical trials in general have been expressed and adding a placebo component only adds to this complexity. The purpose of this study was to report the challenges of recr
Characterization of macromolecules and colloids is an area of considerable interest. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) has become a well-established method, but many potential users possess limited knowledge of its capabilities, or how it can provide additional information or serve as validation to the traditional analytical techniques. This review article highlights several practic
We present experimental measurements of the coherence of an undulator synchrotron radiation source near to the diffraction limit condition. These measurements have been done following two objectives. The first one is to verify a fundamental point of the theory of synchrotron radiation. To our knowledge, since it has been re-written by Geloni et al. [1], no experimental verification to validate the
Magnetic properties of 20 nm thick (Ga,Mn)As layer deposited on (Ga,ln)As buffer with very large epitaxial tensile strain are investigated. Gal,In,As buffer with x=30% provides a 2% lattice mismatch, which is an important extension of the mismatch range studied so far (up to 0.5%). Evolution of magnetic anisotropy as a function of temperature is determined by magnetotransport measurements. Additio
A new hydrogen absorbing material has been discovered, ScNiAl, which can store 1.5 wt.% hydrogen reversibly. In this compound, hydrogen absorption is a two-step process; solid solution of hydrogen at temperatures below 180A degrees C and decomposition into ScH2 and NiAl at higher temperatures. Detailed analysis of the hydrogen absorption/desorption has been performed using in situ synchrotron radi
According to the classical perspective, polity size and democracy are inversely related. In this article, we argue that there is an important exception that manifests itself at the district level in settings where multiparty competition is allowed. Specifically, we find that larger districts encourage greater contestation. This results from a little-noticed mechanical effect as well as from severa
The care manager reform and the case manager reform are new reforms in the social care services in Sweden, which are evolving during the 2000s. Together they shape the social care services introducing a new way of decision-making where representatives for the organisation (care manager) and the users (case manager) negotiate. The reforms have been analysed in two studies with results presented in
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) presents new challenges in combustion phasing control due to the lack of direct ignition trigger. In addition, recompression HCCI possesses cycle-to-cycle coupling through trapping a large portion of the exhaust gas in the cylinder. This paper examines the change in the cycle-to-cycle coupling around different operating points in recompression HCCI an
Software process simulation can be a valuable support for process analysis and improvement provided the respective model development can focus on the issues at hand without spending effort on basically modeling everything from scratch. Rather, the modeling groundwork should readily be available as building blocks for (re)use. In the domain of software engineering, the work-test-rework cycle is one
There has been an amazing development of modeling and simulation from its beginning in the 1920s, when the technology was available only at a handful of University groups who had access to a mechanical differential analyzer. Today, tools for modeling and simulation are available for every student and engineer. This paper gives a perspective on the development with particular emphasis on technology
In this discussion, Steve Fuller's book Dissent over Descent is criticized mainly because he draws conclusions from wishful thinking and uses ancient and medieval scientists as well as theologians in his efforts to invalidate the theory of evolution. He is also criticized for drawing universal conclusions from a Eurocentric version of history. If science and technology studies is to regain its rep
The Bushveld Complex in South Africa represents the world's largest intrusion of magnesium-and iron-rich magmas. The Bushveld magmas were emplaced beneath the Transvaal basin(1) similar to 2.06 billion years ago(2,3), but their origin remains elusive. The magmas may have formed in response to an upwelling mantle plume(4), ancient subduction5 or melting triggered by a meteorite impact(6). Here we u
Interactions between iron (Fe) and arsenic (As) play a vital role in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems influencing the reactivity and transport of arsenic. A key aspect is the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on these interactions, and previous investigations have reported the existence of ternary As-Fe-NOM species. In this study, the reactivity of Fe, from a boreal stream water, towards As
Increased efficiency and effectiveness in the product life cycle can be expected to result from extending the product development process to include the simultaneous development of the package. In this paper, three surveys performed in the Swedish mechanical, pharmaceutical and food industries are supplemented to describe the interest of such a concept in industry. This paper reveals that both the
The chapter explores how users ascribe gender to a visually androgynous teachable agent, and if and how the ascribed gender can influence the perceived personality characteristics of the agent. Previous studies have shown positive effects of using agents with more neutral or androgynous appearances, for instance, a more gender neutral agent evoked more positive attitudes on females than did a more
We have re-examined the phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsification process. This is a low-energy method that uses a physicochemical drive to produce very fine oil/water emulsions in the absence of high shear flows. We used the polyoxyethylene 8 cetyl ether (C16E8)/hexadecane/water system, which has a PIT of 76.2 degrees C. We find that successful emulsification depends oil two conditions. Fi
We demonstrate thin film x-ray reflectivity measurements with picosecond time resolution. Amorphous carbon films with a thickness of 46 nm were excited with laser pulses characterized by 100 fs duration, a wavelength of 800 nm, and a fluence of 70 mJ/cm(2). The laser-induced stress caused a rapid expansion of the thin film followed by a relaxation of the film thickness as heat diffused into the si
Although there is a lot of experimental work published about the use of Electrokinetic Remediation for the removal of toxic metals from soils, very few have reported results for different scales. Scaling- up is a difficult task, since the behavior of each metal is different and is also site-specific. In this paper we present a convenient parameter for the comparison of the energy requirements at d
Based on a parent diblock copolymer of poly(styrene)-b-poly(methacrylic acid), PS-b-PMAA, linear-b-amphiphilic comb (L-b-AC) ionic supramolecules [Soft Matter 2013, 9, 1540-1555] are synthesized in which the poly(methacrylate) backbone of the ionic supramolecular AC-block is neutralized by alkyl (Cn; n = 8, 12, and 16) trimethylammonium counterions (i.e., side chains) at various ion (pair) fractio
