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In Sweden, the tramway was introduced in the late 19th century as horse tramways. Entrepreneurs around the country saw advantages of the new mean of transport which, due to low frictional resistance could transport a large amount of passengers with low traction force. In the beginning of the 20th century the horses were replaced by electric motors and the tramway spread to more cities. The entry o
Fildelning är ett vardagsbrott för en stor andel svenskar, trots lagstiftningen på området. Rättighetshavare har inte alltid själva möjligheterna att beivra brotten, av anledningar som främst handlar om polisväsendets bristande resurser och reglerna mot brottsprovokation. En ökad tendens att för rättighetshavarna att vända sig till privata företag som utreder fildelningsbrott märks tydligt. De priFile sharing is an everyday crime for a large number of Swedes, despite prohibiting legislation in the field. Copyright holders do not always have the possibility to prosecute the crimes for reasons primarily connected with the police’s lack of resources and the rules prohibiting entrapment. An increased tendency for right holders to turn to private companies in order to investigate file sharing c
Production companies are often exposed to rapid change and turbulent business environments, whilst the facilities and premises they conduct their business from are long term commitments with a lower turnover rate than most other assets. Decisions regarding real estate are complicated by nature and often yield long term consequences which could be hard to forecast. This dilemma between short- and l
Staters rätt till självförsvar är ett undantag till det generella våldsförbudet och utgör ett såväl centralt som flitigt omskrivet område inom folkrätten. Regleringen för rätten kan påstås vara relativt enkel att återge så som den uttrycks i art. 51 av FN-stadgan och i ljuset av den internationella sedvanerätten. Rätten till självförsvar är däremot desto svårare att tillämpa i praktiken och en staThe right of states to self-defense is an exception to the general prohibition of the use of force and constitutes a central as well as a frequently debated subject in international law. The regulation of the right can be said to be relatively simple to pronounce as expressed in Art. 51 of the UN Charter and in the light of international customary law. The right of states to self-defense is howeve
Denna uppsats behandlar den historiska utvecklingen som ledde fram till fri abort i Sverige och USA samt jämför två rättsfall från Europadomstolen och USA:s Supreme Court, A, B and C v. Ireland och Roe v. Wade, för att utöver den historiska kontexten ge en förståelse för den juridiska argumentationen. Rättsfallen fokuserar på rätten till abort i relation till rätten till privatliv och analysen ämnThis essay deals with the historical development which prompted free abortion in Sweden and the United States of America, and compares two cases from the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and the United State’s Supreme Court, to give an understanding of the legal reasoning behind them. The cases focus on the right to abortion in relation to the right to privacy, the analysis therefore aims to
Entreprenadavtalet är en oreglerad avtalstyp. Enligt den tolkningsmetod som tillämpas på de standardavtal som reglerar majoriteten av kommersiella entreprenadavtal kan tolkningen av oklara villkor göras i ljuset av dispositiv rätt. Frågan är hur innehållet i den dispositiva entreprenadrätten ska fastställas. I NJA 2018 s. 653 valde HD att härleda en dispositiv entreprenadrättslig regel med stöd avThe construction contract is an unregulated type of contract. According to the principles of interpretation applied on the standard-form contracts that govern the majority of construction contracts, the interpretation of unclear terms can be made in the light of default law. An important question is how the default rules applicable on construction contracts are to be determined. In NJA 2018 s. 653
För drygt 20 år sedan infördes ungdomspåföljden sluten ungdomsvård som ett alternativ till fängelse för personer i åldern 15–17 år. Syftet med denna uppsats är att förstå de bakomliggande motiven till införandet av påföljden samt undersöka hur uppfyllandet av dessa motiv ser ut vid påföljdens verkställighet. I arbetet med att uppfylla syftet undersöks även påföljdens rättsliga reglering och avvägnJust over 20 years ago the juvenile sanction called closed institutional youth care was introduced as an alternative sanction to imprisonment for people aged 15-17. The purpose of this essay is to understand the underlying motives for the introduction of the sanction and to investigate what the fulfillment of these motives looks like at the execution of the sanction. In the work of fulfilling the
Fildelningsteknologin revolutionerade internet i början av 1990-talet. I rask takt har fildelningsnätverken utvecklats och utbudet av olovligen tillgängliggjorda filer är större än någonsin. För vanliga internetanvändare innebär nyss nämnda gratis tillgång till film och musik vid efterfrågan. Det kan emellertid medföra stora ekonomiska förluster för rättighetshavarna till verken. Digitaliseringen File sharing technology revolutionized the Internet in the early 1990s. Different networks evolve at a rapid pace and the supply of illegally spread files are greater than ever. For common Internet users this means free, on-demand access to movies and music. However, it may cause major financial losses to the right-holders of copyrighted works, since the digitalization often times means losing con
Given the recent predominant role of technology and the extensive use of smartphones in today’s society, the mobile device has become a major part of consumers’ daily lives. As a result, the lines between humans and technology have become blurred, where the effectiveness of interpersonal interactions at the service encounter in retail stores has been questioned. The researchers thus identified a k
In this thesis a framework for finding anomalies in streaming data is proposed. The framework proposed is not necessarily applicable only to problems in anomaly detection, but could be applied to other problems as well. There are three main concepts at play in the framework: (i) Active Learning, a learning algorithm which can query a human specialist for labels of instance such that the model can
Bostadsmarknaden har genomgått flertal förändringar sedan 1990-talet och haft en positiv trend under 2000-talet. De senaste åren har marknaden för nyproducerade bostadsrätter förändrats på grund av kreditrestriktionerna som införts. Fastighetsutvecklare har svårare att hitta köpare som är villiga att teckna bindande förhandsavtal och det råder en viss osäkerhet på marknaden för nyproducerade bostaThe housing market in Sweden has had a positive trend since the 1990s. In recent years, the market for newly produced condominiums has changed due to credit restrictions enforced by new legislation. To sell condominiums for new production, binding preliminary contracts (in Swedish: förhandsavtal) and special tenure contracts (in Swedish: Upplåtelseavtal) are used. In those contracts the seller und
Diesel emissions are a major contributor to combustion-generated airborne ambient particles. To understand the role of diesel particulate emissions on health effects, it is important to predict the actual particulate dose deposited in the human respiratory tract, with respect to number, surface area and mass. This is complicated by the agglomerate nature of some of these particles. In this study t
Introduction Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by restrictions in social interaction, understanding, and communication, by stereotyped patterns of repetitive behaviors, and by narrow interests. ASDs, which affect about 1% of the population, are predominantly genetic, but no single explanation has been found. On the contrary, a multitude of developmenta
Abstract: The main player of this thesis is glucose, both on a cellular level and with a clinical approach. Too much or wrongly handled glucose contributes to increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which is reinforced by the negative influences of uraemia and dialysis treatment. In addition, trace element status is also affected in dialysis patients. Hyperglycaemia contributes to glucose deg
Background: The widespread use of relative scales in socioepidemiological studies has recently been criticized. The criticism is based mainly on the fact that the importance of different risk factors in explaining social inequalities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) varies, depending on which scale is used to measure social inequalities. The present study examines the importance of established risk
The influence of exciton-vibrational coupling on the optical and transport properties of molecular aggregates is an old problem that gained renewed interest in recent years. On the experimental side, various nonlinear spectroscopic techniques gave insight into the dynamics of systems as complex as photosynthetic antennae. Striking evidence was gathered that in these protein-pigment complexes quant
Abstract The increased focus on social capital theory has made its way into labour economics. This has led to the creation of a vast literature about the use of networks and informal search methods in the labour-market, a literature that to some extent also deals with immigrants search behaviour and their relatively high unemployment rate. Characteristic for the literature in the area is the lack
The dilemma of Article 81(1) EC can be described as a fight between control and freedom. Control in the sense that the Commission has taken a formalistic approach on the interpretation of Article 81(1) EC with the result that many agreements are caught by the prohibition. The only way to avoid the automatic nullity of Article 81(2) EC is then through the exemption paragraph, Article 81(3) EC, whic
Vår tillgång till information om vilka kemiska ämnen som florerar i samhället är relativt bristfällig och följande utredning strävar efter att finna förslag på förbättrande åtgärder. För att skapa en bra utgångspunkt ska den EU-rättsliga regleringen av kemikalier och information sammanfattas och sedan analyseras. I fokus är främst ekodesigndirektivet, REACH-förordningen samt produktdirektiven RoHSOur access to information on which chemicals now prevailing the society is relatively insufficient and the following investigation endeavor to find a suggestion on how to improve the current situation. This essay is an attempt to summarize the regulation of chemicals and information within the EU. Focus is on the Ecodesign Directive, REACH as well as RoHS and WEEE. Main purpose is to investigate w
