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Denna uppsats fokuserar på offentliga upphandlingar och behandlar begreppet onormalt låga anbud. Dessa anbudens låga nivå kan vara grundade i dolda motiv eller missförstånd från anbudsgivaren. Detta medför att den upphandlande myndigheten kan vilja förkasta det aktuella anbudet. Den låga nivån kan däremot lika gärna vara helt legitimt och bör därmed inte förkastas. Regelverket samt praxis på områdThis thesis focuses on public procurements and deals with the concept of abnormally low tenders. The low levels in a tender can be founded in a hidden agenda or in a misunderstanding by the tenderer. This means that the contracting authority may wish to reject the current offer. The low level, on the other hand, can just as easily be completely legitimate and should therefore not be discouraged. T

Marknaden för kontor är till stor del beroende av läget av fastigheterna. Det finns stora skillnader i hyresnivåer mellan olika lägen och vad som gör att företag har en högre betalningsvilja för vissa lägen beror på flera lägesfaktorer. Syftet med studien är att identifiera lägesfaktorer som har betydande påverkan på hyresnivåer. Vidare är syftet att kvantifiera och analysera värdepåverkan. Genom The market for offices in urban environments is largely dependent on the location of the properties. There are differences in the level of office rents depending on location, characteristics and attributes in the location. The purpose of the study is to identify the location attributes that have a significant impact on rental levels. Furthermore, the aim is to quantify and analyse the impact value

Introduction Common complications after surgical procedures include surgical site infection, wound rupture and incisional hernia. Wound healing can be influenced by the technique for abdominal access and closure. A Suture-Length to Wound-Length (SL/WLr) ratio ≥ 4 is advised to achieve a high-quality wound closure. This thesis describes the background and clinical realities of abdominal wall relate

Kustnära putsade fasader ställda mot havet har av rapportförfattarna observerats vara i sämre skick än fasader med riktning inåt landet i samma miljö. Detta leder till hypotesen att saltvatten påskyndar nedbrytningen av kalk/cementbruk genom saltsprängning eller annan form av vittringsprocess. Ingen form av kemisk nedbrytning är rimlig då salt inte reagerar med putsens vanliga beståndsdelar. SvensOf rendered façades in coastal environment Rendered coastal-facing façades have been observed to be in worse condition than those facing away from the coastline in the same environment. This leads to the hypothesis that salt water accelerates the deterioration of render, either by salt blasting or through other forms of weathering processes. Since salt does not react with common render components,

Samhället har genomgått stora förändringar sedan regleringen kring rättsligt föräldraskap instiftades för första gången. Såväl ny medicinsk teknik som nya accepterade familjekonstellationer har bidragit till att den gamla regleringen har krävt en omarbetning. Vem som ska uppnå status som rättslig förälder och varför har därav ändrats. Från början var utgångspunkten för fastställandet av rättsligtThe society has gone through major changes ever since the first legal provisions concerning legal parenthood were adopted. As a result of new forms of socially accepted family constellations and new techniques within medicine, this has helped push for a reform of the old regulation. Something which has come to change over time is criteria concerning who is eligible to be given the status of legal

We have conducted a detailed investigation of the broadband spectral properties of the gamma-ray selected blazars of the Fermi LAT Bright AGN Sample (LBAS). By combining our accurately estimated Fermi gamma-ray spectra with Swift, radio, infra-red, optical, and other hard X-ray/gamma-ray data, collected within 3 months of the LBAS data taking period, we were able to assemble high-quality and quasi

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by chronic inflammation involving many organ systems. The etiology is unknown and the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Impairments of the immune system and of the mechanisms regulating cell death are commonly seen in SLE patients. Autoantibodies, in particular anti-dsDNA antibodies, are considered hallmarks of SLE, but the ideal biomar

This thesis deals with the empirical testing of trade theories, traditionally used to analyze international trade, using regional data on production and trade. This thesis consists of three main essays. In the first essay, we analyze Swedish regional production. In the first part, we focus on the effects of comparative advantage in predicting regional manufacturing production. In so doing, we use

Popular Abstract in Swedish Diabetes mellitus är en samling sjukdomar som karaktäriseras av förhöjt blodsocker. Traditionellt har man delat upp sjukdomen i två former; typ 1 och typ 2 diabetes. Vid typ 1 diabetes förstörs de insulinproducerande β-cellerna i bukspottskörteln av kroppens immunförsvar och sjukdomen debuterar ofta tidigt i livet. Typ 2 diabetes, tidigare ofta benämnd ”åldersdiabetes” Inadequate insulin secretion is a central component in the development of Diabetes Mellitus, resulting from reduced pancreatic β-cell mass, as well as diminished β-cell function. Islet produced 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) is suggested to regulate insulin secretion and β-cell mass in rodents during pregnancy and in metabolically challenged states. However, the role of 5-HT in control of insulin rel

The political objectives on national and international levels towards a larger proportion of renewable energy require considerable planning activities on a local level. These activities inevitably must relate to the local community and its various groups; their culture, economy, social activities as well as their views on environmental problems and nature values. This applies to all energy plants.

Popular Abstract in Swedish Cancer i tjock- och ändtarm drabbar årligen drygt 5000 svenskar. En rad faktorer har satts i samband med tumöruppkomst i tarmen, bl a ärftlighet, inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom, kost och motion, men det är till stor del okänt hur dessa faktorer orsakar cancerutveckling. Genetiska förändringar styr tumörutvecklingen Tumörerna utvecklas oftast från ett godartat förstadium, Colorectal cancer is one of our most common malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. About 1/3 of the tumors are located in the rectum. Treatment advances such as the introduction of the standardized surgical technique total mesorectal excision (TME), pre-operative radiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy have reduced the previously high local recurrence rates and improv

Benzodiazepine receptor binding heterogeneity evident from differential affinities of some ligands was compared with that suggested by differential interactions with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/bicuculline and pyrazolopyridine/barbiturate receptor sites. The GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline only partially reverses pentobarbital enhancement of [3H] diazepam binding in rat brain membranes, while

Abstract: Bladder cancer is a heterogenous disease, ranging from minimally invasive, low-grade tumours with lowrecurrence rates and mortality on one end of the spectrum, and muscle invasive, high-grade disease prone torecurrence, progression and death at the other end.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the expression, clinicopathological correlates and prognostic significanceof the candidat

Soon after the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in March 2014, a peak moment in the events commonly referred to as the Ukraine crisis (Wilson A, Ukraine crisis. What it means to the West? Yale University Press, New Haven, 2014), media in Estonia and abroad started to speculate about whether Russia would stop at Crimea, or if Estonia, with its sizable Russian-speaking minority, would

Syftet med studien är att synliggöra ett konfliktfält med berättelser om det moderna Sverige som uttrycks av olika politiska grupper och att främja bearbetningen av tolkningskonflikten. Fyra politiska utmaningar mot den etablerade framgångsberättelsen om Sveriges utveckling från ett fattigt land till en modern välfärdsstat analyseras: 60-talsvänstern, den nya kvinnorörelsen på 1970-talet, alternatThe aim of the study is to make visible a field of conflicting narratives of modern Sweden expressed by different political groups and to contribute to the working through of the conflict of interpretation. Four political challenges to the established success story of Sweden's development from a poor society to modern welfare state, are analysed: the Left in the 1960s, the new Women's movement in

Popular Abstract in Swedish Vid många industriella processer bildas olika typer av biprodukter, som kan vara mer eller mindre giftiga. En ovarsam hantering av de giftiga ämnena, eller en olycka, kan lätt leda till att den omgivande miljön blir förorenad. Förr, när man var mindre medveten om riskerna med de här ämnena hamnade de ofta i marken kring anläggningarna. Det har resulterat i många förorenBioremediation of soils is considered a low-cost alternative to other remediation techniques. Its ability to remove a number of different pollutants has been demonstrated, relying mainly on the activities of indigenous soil bacteria. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered major environmental pollutants in soil, some of them being toxic and others carcinogenic. Since high-molecu

Today, between 8% and 16% of all individuals worldwide suffer from chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is becoming a growing public health issue. Creatinine and cystatin C are commonly used markers for kidney function, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria are used to stage CKD. However, creatinine and eGFR are rather insensitive in identifying individuals at high risk of

East African landscapes today are the result of the cumulative effects of climate and land-use change over millennial timescales. In this review, we compile archaeological and palaeoenvironmental data from East Africa to document land-cover change, and environmental, subsistence and land-use transitions, over the past 6000 years. Throughout East Africa there have been a series of relatively rapid

Background: Vel blood group expression is dependent on Small Integral Membrane Protein 1 (SMIM1), a recently discovered erythroid protein. SMIM1 consists of 78 amino acids (aa) and shows only limited homology to other human proteins but is evolutionarily conserved, indicating its importance. The protein has a predicted transmembrane domain but the direction of insertion into the red blood cell (RB