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This article examines how the ‘essentiality’ requirement can limit the exercise of the EU’s criminal law competence under Article 83(2) TFEU. Building on criminological research, and contextual and principled considerations, it argues for an evidence-based approach to the ‘essentiality’ criterion. It sustains that the Union legislator must show by empirical proof that criminal laws are more ‘effec
We present a network of sites across Fennoscandia for optical sampling of vegetation properties relevant for phenology monitoring and satellite data calibration. The network currently consists of five sites, distributed along an N-S gradient through Sweden and Finland. Two sites are located in coniferous forests, one in a deciduous forest, and two on peatland. The instrumentation consists of dual-
The purpose of the current work is the comparison of a phenomenological and a laminate-based model for rate-dependent switching in ferroelectric single crystals. To this end, the phenomenological model formulation of [1] is considered. In this model, the polarization vector is treated as an internal variable. The evolution of the polarization determines the remanent strain; dependence of energy st
Voorhees et al. (Reports, 5 November 2010, p. 835) determined the structure of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and aminoacyl-transfer RNA bound to the ribosome with a guanosine triphosphate (GTP) analog. However, their identification of histidine-84 of EF-Tu as deprotonating the catalytic water molecule is problematic in relation to their atomic structure; the terminal phosphate of GTP is more likely
This review article focuses on advances and technical developments of the realm of membrane extraction techniques for the analytes that are (made) amenable to gas chromatographic analysis, and sheds light on the analytical applications to biological and environmental samples. In this review, the state of the art in this growing area of membrane extraction for gas chromatography is presented and se
Objective:To assess the importance of MAPT variant p.A152T in the risk of synucleinopathies. Methods:In this case-control study, we screened a large global series of patients and controls, and assessed associations between p.A152T and disease risk. We included 3,229 patients with clinical Parkinson disease (PD), 442 with clinical dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 181 with multiple system atrophy (M
We present a new high delay resolution method to detect ultra-wideband (UWB) scatterers when using frequency domain measurements. Our approach makes use of the impulse response envelope amplitudes and delays measured over a distance that is larger than the region of stationarity, and detects the 2D coordinates of the channel scatterers, assuming that only single-scattering (single-interaction) pro
Technical infrastructures of the society are becoming more and more interconnected and interdependent, i.e. the function of an infrastructure influences the function of other infrastructures. Disturbances in one infrastructure therefore often traverse to other dependent infrastructures and possibly even back to the infrastructure where the failure originated. It is becoming increasingly important
Carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement is a fundamental evaluation in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), as both low and high values of CO2 might have detrimental effects on neonatal morbidity and mortality. Though measurement of CO2 in the arterial blood gas is the most accurate way to assess the amount of CO2, it requires blood sampling and it does not provide a continuous monitoring of CO2.
Climate change poses a serious threat to sustainable urban development, placing many cities at risk. As a consequence, city authorities are increasingly facing the challenge of finding ways to include adaptation strategies into their work, although related knowledge and competence is still scarce and fragmented. With the aim to contribute to knowledge development and organizational learning, the o
A study of three different adhesives, silicone, acrylate and polyurethane, intended for adhesive joints in structural timber/glass applications is presented in this paper. Intentionally, adhesives with a wide range of properties were chosen. The adhesive bonds between timber and glass were tested both in tension and in shear with a bond area of 800 mm2. Special fixtures were designed
Background and purpose The surgical methods for treatment of femoral neck fractures and trochanteric hip fractures vary. We describe the changes in Sweden over the period 1998-2007 and the regional differences in treatment. Patients and methods Data on 144,607 patients were drawn from the National Patient Register. Results The proportion of femoral neck fractures treated with arthroplasty increase
This paper reports on design studies concerning a moderator concept which aims to maximize the time averaged flux. The idea is to provide neutron spectra showing two clear maxima, with peaks at (similar to 1 angstrom) and (similar to 2.5 angstrom) arising from leakage from both cryogenic and thermal moderators. Such a concept known as a bi-spectral moderator (Mezei, 2006 [1]) while proven on a rea
Background: Acute thromboembolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is associated with high mortality. Recent advances in diagnostics and surgical techniques may affect outcome. Methods: Through the Swedish Vascular Registry (Swedvasc), 121 open and 42 endovascular revascularizations of the SMA at 28 hospitals during 1999 to 2006 were identified. Patient medical records were retriev
Reading utilises at least two neural pathways. The temporal lexical route visually maps whole words to their lexical entries, whilst the nonlexical route decodes words phonologically via parietal cortex. Readers typically employ the lexical route for familiar words, but poor comprehension plus precocity at mechanically 'sounding out' words suggests that differences might exist in autism. Combined
The high Q-factor (low bandwidth) and low efficiency make the design of small antennas challenging. Here, convex optimization is used to determine current distributions that provide upper bounds on the antenna performance. Optimization formulations for maximal gain Q-factor quotient, minimal Q-factor for superdirectivity, and minimum Q for given far-fields are presented. The effects of antennas em
