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We have measured the absolute average photon flux, the spectral characteristics, and the time structure of x rays emitted from Ar clusters which were irradiated by a 100 fs laser with an intensity of 10(17) W/cm(2). The measured photon flux was 10(7) photons per shot in the K-alpha (at 3 keV) line in a 4 pi sr solid angle. The temporal structure was measured using a streak camera with a 10 ps time
Craft breweries in Sweden are steadily increasing and they face a major challenge with the byproduct that is generated in the brewing process. The by-product is called wet spent grain (WSG) and the biggest challenge lays in its’ high moisture content which will make it spoil within a few days. Craft breweries are being conscious of sustainable practices when producing beer and the aim of this thes
We describe a laser-driven x-ray plasma source designed for ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The source is comprised of a 1 kHz, 20 W, femtosecond pulsed infrared laser and a water target. We present the x-ray spectra as a function of laser energy and pulse duration. Additionally, we investigate the plasma temperature and photon flux as we vary the laser energy. We obtain a 75 mu m FWHM x-
