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One of the characteristics of Polish foreign aid is its focus on the ‘transition experience’ and civil society. This specific celebration of the ‘Polish success story’ contrasts sharply with public debates that frequently criticise the weaknesses of Polish civil society and the difficulties in state – non-state relations. The Polish Aid apparatus itself is not immune to these problems, often exhib
This paper analyzes the influence of the interannual variability of climatic drought on ecological and hydrological droughts for a basin in the central Spanish Pyrenees using variables derived from observations and hydro-ecological simulation in order to determine the possible connection between meteorological, ecological and hydrological drought considering a cascading approach and encompassing d
The crossing of aridity thresholds triggers abrupt changes in multiple functional and structural ecosystem attributes across global drylands. While we understand the consequences associated with aridity thresholds, the key factors influencing dryland vegetation resistance when crossing them remain unclear. Here, we used field observations from 58 dryland sites across five continents and satellite
Land cover governs the biogeophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks between the land surface and atmosphere. Holocene vegetation-atmosphere interactions are of particular interest, both to understand the climate effects of intensifying human land use and as a possible explanation for the Holocene temperature conundrum, a widely studied mismatch between simulated and reconstructed temperatures. Prog
It is predicted that continentality, a climate parameter representative of a region’s annual temperature and precipitation range, will undergo significant changes in the future. The lack of past continentality reconstructions makes it impossible to decipher any long-term patterns of continentality changes. Here, we investigate the extent to which continentality influences modern chironomid assembl
Whilst research on climatic effects on fungal populations and communities (particularly of soil and litter-specialised species) has been done extensively, empirical examples of the impacts of climate change on airborne fungi are still lacking. Using a hot-air balloon to sample fungal spores during the winters of 2022 and 2023, here, we show the effects of warmer winter temperatures on airborne fun
Leaf area index is an important metric for characterising the structure of vegetation canopies and scaling up leaf and plant processes to assess their influence on regional and global climate. Earth observation estimates of leaf area index have increased in recent decades, providing a valuable resource for monitoring vegetation changes and evaluating their representation in land surface and earth
The extent to which different magnitudes and directions of temperature fluctuations explain long-term trends in aquatic invertebrate body size is largely unknown. Using elevational gradients and paleolimnological reconstructions, we tested the hypotheses that the size of subfossil chironomid (non-biting midges) head capsules (HCs) will covary with temperature changes, with opposite morphometric ch
