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Recently, we reported that CD40-/- mice, exhibiting exclusively T cell-independent IgA class switch recombination (CSR), demonstrated near normal levels of IgA plasma cells in the gut lamina propria (LP), despite the complete lack of germinal centers (GCs). In this study, we have extended our analysis focusing on how to reconcile these findings using flow cytometry and molecular markers for IgA CS

Vocal tract elongation, which uniformly lowers vocal tract resonances (formant frequencies) in animal vocalizations, has evolved independently in several vertebrate groups as a means for vocalizers to exaggerate their apparent body size. Here, we propose that smaller speech-like articulatory movements that alter only individual formants can serve a similar yet less energetically costly size-exagge

Background and purpose — There is an ongoing debate regarding the appropriate level of constraint in primary TKA. To provide increased stability and better kinematics, more resembling a natural knee, a medial congruent (MC) tibial insert has been introduced. To investigate potential impact on implant migration, we evaluated the cemented Persona TKA, randomizing between MC and cruciate-retaining (C

In order to develop new environmental policies, it is important first to evaluate those that have already been used. However, this intuitively simple idea is difficult to apply in practice, no more so than in the complex governance context of the EU. Attributing impacts to specific policies is challenging, and making evaluations useful for political decision making is even more demanding. Five app

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) pose a great threat to human health due to their ability to bypass antigen presentation and activate large amounts of conventional T cells resulting in a cytokine storm potentially leading to toxic shock syndrome. Unconventional T- and NK cells are also activated by SE but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, the authors aimed to explore the unde

Austrian artist and director of ZKM Center for Art and Media in Karlsruhe, Germany, Peter Weibel (Odessa, 1944), curates a book/catalogue of the mythical exhibition Sound Art, Sound as Medium of Art, that took place between March 2012 and February 2013 in Karlsruhe, with nearly one thousand images of sound art pieces. Along with a very detailed historical trace of sound as a form of art, the book

What is the impact of the Qualification Directive on the Swedish legal system?

Calculations of the total energy use for buildings in a life-cycle perspective have hitherto tended to omit the phase after demolition. This paper presents a parametric study of a one-family house to determine its ‘recycling capacity’, the possible energy savings by recycling the building materials after demolition. Estimating the ‘recycling capacity’ is of importance both to give a life-cycle per