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Reinforcement learning systems usually assume that a value function is defined over all states (or state-action pairs) that can immediately give the value of a particular state or action. These values are used by a selection mechanism to decide which action to take. In contrast, when humans and animals make decisions, they collect evidence for different alternatives over time and take action only
It is a common view that benefits to the worse off should be given priority when health benefits are distributed. This paper addresses how to understand who is worse off in this context when individuals are differently well off at different times. The paper argues that the view that this judgment about who is worse off should be based solely on how well off individuals are when their complete live
In the early 2000s, Tawfik presented his 'New View' on enzyme evolution, highlighting the role of conformational plasticity in expanding the functional diversity of limited repertoires of sequences. This view is gaining increasing traction with increasing evidence of the importance of conformational dynamics in both natural and laboratory evolution of enzymes. The past years have seen several eleg
The discussion about science's purported loss of disruptive innovation must not distract from the underlying problems that prevent science from deploying its full potential.
An increasingly large part of the population in the West identifies as religious Nones. Contrary to what might be assumed, most of them are not outright atheists. They reject traditional religion, but many pursue different forms of spirituality, and many entertain supernatural ideas. This element concerns the worldview of these “semi-secular” Nones. When asked about whether they believe in God, th
Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch: that the senses should be enumerated in this way is not self-evident. The number and order of the senses are fixed by custom and tradition, not by nature. The regular order being subject to occasional change proves its arbitrariness. Therefore, we can describe the enumeration of the five senses as an artificial series of natural elements.
The RTVE Symphony Orchestra, Ingo Metzmacher and Håkan Hardenberger performed "Concerto No. 2 for Trumpet and Orchestra" by Jörg Widmann and "Symphony No. 1 in C minor, Op. 68" by the German composer Johannes Brahms.
This chapter looks at the DMA through the prism of pre-emption and the relationship between EU and national law. It explains the fundamentals of pre-emption in EU law and shows the consequences for the DMA and national rules that are to ensure fairness in the digital market space. It argues that fairness in the digital market with regard to business users and consumers has been exhaustively regula
24 november 2026 09:00 till 17:00 | Konferens Välkomna till årets pedagogiska utvecklingskonferens: Lund University Conference on Teaching and Learning (LUTL). Konferensen anordnas av fakulteterna och avdelningen för högskolepedagogisk utveckling (AHU). I år är Ekonomihögskolan vid Lunds universitet värd och inbjuder härmed undervisande personal samt studenter att inkomma med bidrag till konferens
https://www.ehl.lu.se/evenemang/lunds-universitets-hogskolepedagogiska-utvecklingskonferens-lutl - 2026-07-14
Scientific research communities have benefited recently from the increasing availability of computing and data infrastructures with unprecedented capabilities for large scale distributed initiatives. These infrastructures are largely defined and enabled by the middleware they deploy. One of the major issues in the current usage of research infrastructures is the need to use similar but often incom
We report on theoretical results of magnetic field induced transitions (MITs) in Ne- and Be-like ions without nuclear spin for two applicalions. Firstly, MITs are promising candidates in the determination of magnetic fields in plasmas. In our work on Ne-like ions we present accurate theoretical MIT rates for 2p(6 1)S(O) - 2p(5)3s 3P(O),2 [11. Purthermore, for Be-like ions, it has been proposed to
Human fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells that express a variety of markers related to leukocytes, hematopoietic stem cells and a diverse set of fibroblast phenotypes. Fibrocytes can be recruited from the circulation to the tissue where they further can differentiate and proliferate into various mesenchymal cell types depending on the tissue niche. This local tissue nic
Though there is a very large literature examining whether energy use Granger causes economic output or vice versa, it is fairly inconclusive. Almost all existing studies use relatively short time series, or panels with a relatively small time dimension. We apply Granger causality and cointegration techniques to a Swedish time series dataset spanning 150 years to test whether increases in energy us
The evolution of multicellular organisms represents one of approximately eight major evolutionary transitions that have occurred on earth [1-4]. The major challenge raised by this transition is to explain why single cells should join together and become mutually dependent, in a way that leads to a more complex multicellular life form that can only replicate as a whole. It has been argued that a hi
