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gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) is an unusual amino acid that is synthesized post-translationally from glutamate in a vitamin K-dependent reaction. The dicarboxylic side chain of Gla chelates Ca(2+), a property important for the biological activity of vitamin K-dependent proteins. To date, Gla-containing polypeptides have been identified in venom from two groups of organisms: elapid snakes, and s
Abstract Background: Mass-weighted aerodynamic particle-size distribution (APSD) is a key attribute for pharmaceutical products developed to deliver drugs to or through the lungs. In development and quality control, APSD is primarily determined using multistage cascade impactors. For impactor techniques, particle reentrainment is critical because it may lead to an overestimation of the respirable
PURPOSE: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) defined biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer is widely used for reporting the outcome of radical prostatectomy (RP). A standardized BCR definition is lacking, and overall progression-free probability and risk of subsequent metastatic disease progression may vary greatly depending on the PSA criterion used. Ten definitions of BCR were evaluated to
An analytical strategy to determine metals in environmental samples contaminated with both organophosphate pesticides and metals is presented. In the first step, parathion and arsenate were determined separately. Inhibition of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase was quantified employing an enzyme thermistor and also with a CCD camera. Subsequently, parathion mixed with arsenate was measured. A molecu
This article presents two new models that give a perspective on green chemistry (GC). The first model is a classification model of different green chemistry activities, while the second model concerns green chemistry policy and knowledge areas (green chemistry principles, industrial biotechnology and "the green sector"). A broad view of green chemistry is used, where all activities with the aim of
1. Hormone-mediated maternal effects and developmental plasticity are important sources of phenotypic variation, with potential consequences for trait evolution. Yet our understanding of the importance of maternal hormones for offspring fitness in natural populations is very limited, particularly in non-avian species. 2. We experimentally elevated yolk testosterone by injection of a physiologica
Protein S is a cofactor of activated protein C; together they function as a regulator of blood coagulation. A human liver cDNA library constructed in bacteriophage lambda gt11 was screened with DNA fragments from a full-length bovine cDNA clone encoding protein S. Several cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced. The combined cDNA sequences encoded the mature protein and 15 residues of the leader s
In this paper we introduce the digitization challenge for higher education. Furthermore, three parallel ‘roads’ are proposed to consider in designing higher education content to address the digitization challenge. Program designers and educators will benefit by giving consideration to: (1) non-digital teaching activities that promote digital literacy, (2) digital opportunities to enhance tradition
This paper reports on the ENABLED 3DEditor and 3DViewer. The software design is described, and results from user tests with end users are reported. Both the Editor and Viewer are seen to work quite well. It is possible for a developer to quickly start working with the editor. The Viewer was well received by the users who are able to use it to understand an environment, get an overview and locate a
This contribution traces the international contacts and impact of the leader school for German doctors ('Führerschule der deutschen Arzteschaft') in Alt Rehse 1935-1943 through studies of a visitors' book and of biographies.We suggest that the 'Föhrerschule', an institution providing political and ideological education for health professionals, interested non-German physicians to a larger extent t
