The long and winding road to causality
Published 11 April 2019 Epidemiologists face two fundamental and interrelated problems when judging causality: knowledge is fallible, and studies are imperfect. In medicine, this will always leave a degree of uncertainty in scientific judgements. From an epistemological point of view, even randomized trials cannot be regarded as the ultimate proof to establish a causal relation. Given this inheren
https://www.lupop.lu.se/article/long-and-winding-road-causality - 2025-07-23