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This paper discusses the key legal issues arising from the constitutional conceptions of both the EU and the UK in the latter’s withdrawal process. It argues that the adherent Brexit dilemma is mainly the result of the UK’s non-codified constitution on the one hand, exposing legal uncertainty over institutional procedures, regional involvement, or the precise status of international law. Neverthel
The coherent generation of synchrotron radiation by an electron storage ring is predicted for wavelengths equal to or longer than the electron bunch length. With typical bunch lengths of approximately 1 cm, diffraction and chamber- screening effects have so-far blocked observation of coherent radiation from a conventional radiation beam line. In the low-energy, second-generation light source MAX-I
Passive Landau cavities have been built, installed and taken into regular operation in the MAX II ring. The purpose of the Landau damping system is twofold: to decrease the energy spread of the beam induced by coupled bunch oscillations and to increase the Touschek life-time. The cavities are of the pillbox type operated at 1500 MHz, the third harmonic of the main RF. This paper describes the desi
An undulator with short poles (period 24 mm) and extremely narrow gap (magnet gap 7.7 mm) using a squeezable vacuum chamber has been installed and is in operation at the MAX-lab 550 MeV storage ring. The device operates with a vacuum chamber aperture down to 6.2 mm. The behaviour of the storage ring concerning lifetime, emittance, tune shift and closed orbit is well described by conventional model
An electron beam profile monitor system is described. It utilizes the visible bending magnet synchrotron radiation (SR) to form an image of the beam. A model for calculating diffraction and depth of field effects is introduced. Assuming a Gaussian distributed electron beam, the relation between beam image size and actual beam size is then calculated with this model, for a number of practical measu
At the synchrotron radiation facility MAX, the rest gas pressure in the storage rings is dominated by synchrotron radiation induced gas desorption. This desorption decreases with accumulated photon dose. The rate of decrease, or conditioning, is of greatest importance, since an acceptable machine performance, after opening the vacuum system, is highly dependent on the vacuum recovery. In MAX II th
In this report, we first discuss some different pre-injector possibilities for the ESRF booster synchrotron, using estimated machine performances. We then focus on the commercially available linac schemes carrying out more detailed calculations. We also look into the possibility of recyling the particles through the linacs.
A 1.5 GeV third generation storage ring optimised for the VUV and soft X-ray spectral region is currently being built at MAX-lab. The magnet lattice, ring architecture and production choices are optimised to fit within rather tight boundary conditions without sacrificing performance. In this paper, the magnet lattice, light characteristics, injection and technical solutions for the ring are presen
Lipid auto-oxidation in milk is affected by a complex interplay of pro- and antioxidants. Several of these compounds are also important nutrients in the human diet and may have other physiological effects in the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. Among antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase catalyses the dismutation of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide. The degradation of hydrogen p
We consider a broad class of stochastic imitation dynamics over networks, encompassing several well known learning models such as the replicator dynamics. In the considered models, players have no global information about the game structure: they only know their own current utility and the one of neighbor players contacted through pairwise interactions in a network. In response to this information
Most expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) studies to date have been performed in heterogeneous tissues as opposed to specific cell types. To better understand the cell-type-specific regulatory landscape of human melanocytes, which give rise to melanoma but account for <5% of typical human skin biopsies, we performed an eQTL analysis in primary melanocyte cultures from 106 newborn males. We i
Imitation dynamics for population games are studied and their asymptotic properties analyzed. In the considered class of imitation dynamics - that encompass the replicator equation as well as other models previously considered in evolutionary biology - players have no global information about the game structure, and all they know is their own current utility and the one of fellow players contacted
The IEEE Control Systems Society (CSS) Technical Committee on Networks and Communication Systems (TC-NCS) focuses on areas that involve the interplay among networks, communication, and systems control. The TC is organized into eight working groups, Control of Network Systems, Information Networks and Control, Networked Sensing and Sensor Networks, Optimization and Game Theoretic Methods in Network
Background: Full-term pregnancy (FTP) is associated with a reduced breast cancer (BC) risk over time, but women are at increased BC risk in the immediate years following an FTP. No large prospective studies, however, have examined whether the number and timing of pregnancies are associated with BC risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.Methods: Using weighted and time-varying Cox proportional
The IEEE Control Systems Society (CSS) Technical Committee on Networks and Communication Systems (TC-NCS) focuses on areas that involve the interplay between networks, communication, and systems control. TCNCS currently has 47 members and is organized into eight working groups. These are Control of Network Systems, Networked Sensing and Sensor Networks, Optimization and Game-Theoretic Methods in N
In this paper we study ensembles of Abelian group codes on symmetric channels. Our main example is the AWGN channel where the inputs are restricted to a GU constellation admitting ℤm as a generating group. For codes which are ℤm-free modules, we prove a sort of Shannon theorem which exactly characterizes which are the rates for which reliable transmission is possible. In particular we prove that f
In this paper we investigate the typical behaviour of minimum distance and ML word error probability of a serial turbo concatenation with random interleaver, when the interleaver length N goes to infinity. Our main result shows that the word error probability P(e) goes to zero subexponentially in N with probability one. While it is known that 10glE[P(e)]/logN converges to a constant, we prove that
