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This thesis studies three ideas represented in the political work Rukhnama written by Türkmenbaşy, the former totalitarian dictator of Turkmenistan. Using the theories of Anderson in Imagined communities, with the method of descriptive idea analysis, it comes to the conclusion that the work represents a heavily authoritarian ideology with its basis in a family structure. The family structure is pa

It has been reported from one field observation in Belgium that great tits can use conifer needles to extract larvae from bark crevices in trees. In a laboratory experiment I tested if great tits could use tools to extract mealworms in a similar way as in the field observation. I tested two different types of tools, sticks and hooks, in trials where the birds could extract a mealworm from a transp

The following essay sets out to explain why the US has chosen to stay neutral in the conflict between its two allies, Turkey and Syrian Kurdistan, indirectly siding with Turkey as opposed to Syrian Kurdistan, given their power-discrepancies. Theories within alliance theory, and primarily Stephen M. Walt, point to reputation, the probability of allied support, level of institutionalization and non-

The question of what kind of actor the European Union is has been much debated since its formation. One of the policy areas where the union has been taking on a prominent role is the environmental. The EU uses environmental policy to form its international identity in the lack of a common military force. Not only does it impose ambitious environmental targets within its borders, but also through v

Using discourse analysis as a theoretical and methodical point of departure, this paper strives towards analyzing the ways in which the Swedish tax on air travel is being made understandable. Through examining how this is done on two occasions in contemporary Swedish politics, it further aims to capture how the arguments in favor of a tax have developed and changed over time. Drawing on Maarten H

During the last two decades Europe has witnessed a change in the political landscape. Radical Right Populist Parties have grown increasingly strong in several European countries. In correlation with this change, many people in the public debate claim that these parties have been normalized or are in the process of normalizing, the question is what does normalized mean and how do we measure it? The

During the last two decades, the Swedish education system for higher education has been reformed and expanded. During this period of change both bourgeois and social democratic parties have had the governmental power. Therefore, the following paper seeks to examine which party-political differences there are in the Swedish higher education from 1991 to 2014. This paper answers that question by qua

This study examines why a trade dispute between the United States (US) and China has developed after the US decision to impose steel and aluminum tariffs in March 2018. The study was conducted from a realistic point of view with the purpose to put the trade dispute in a broader context of the realistic theories. The study concludes that the theory of economic nationalism and protectionism, by its

Lobbyism is a central term in Swedish contemporary politics, as it affects political decisions in distinct ways. Lobbyism is a well-known force, yet it is operating on different levels of power than regular politics, in public as well as in more discrete contexts. Therefore, I find this complex phenomenon to be an interesting case to investigate due to the fact that the effect it has on citizens a

This research aims to study the conflict management process that was initiated by The Gulf Cooperation Council during the Arab spring. The Arab spring was an event that has been described as a ground breaking and political, awakening movement that the Arab world and the region has not seen in a long time. What the long term results are still unknown, but to this present day it has changed the both

In this thesis I suggest a definition on what right-wing populism is by comparing three right-wing populist parties; the Swedish Democrats (SD) in Sweden, the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in Great Britain and the Alternative for Germany (AFD) in Germany. This is my question formulation. I have used the idea analysis to make the concept of right-wing populism more understandable. The ob

There is a lot of research done on political representation with a focus on women. Nevertheless, there is not much new research available. This essay aims to build on the previous research found by studying what has happened in recent years. By investigating previous findings about how an increase in female representation increases the confidence of the national parliament, further research is bei

This research studies problems in implementation principles can face when it comes to sexual education in Swedish high schools. Skolinspektionen recently published a report on sexual education in Sweden showing that sexual education is unequal amongst Swedish schools. One of the problems is that the principles rarely implement what should be implemented in the sexual education. This study aims to

The establishment of the delegation in 2016 for investigation of public governance in Sweden arose through widespread criticism of the dominant governing form NPM. The investigation is based on an effort to achieve an optimal management model with trust as a primary concept. The aim is to categorize the content of the delegation's sub-report as well as an article from its report series through

During Sweden’s commitment in the international intervention in Afghanistan the policymaking regarding the civil-military coordination measures failed. The Swedish government stated and emphasized in their appropriations and strategies that their intent – cooperation and synergies – were a crucial point for mission success. Even so, the government didn´t take any actions clarifying how their inten

Sweden and Finland have very similar strategic situations being militarily non-aligned, perceiving an increased military threat from Russia, and engaging in extensive partnerships with NATO. However, the two nations have chosen different approaches towards a hypothetical NATO membership. Sweden has officially closed the door to membership while Finland maintains an option to join NATO if deemed ne

Det har i doktrin hävdats att underrätters rättstillämpning i mål rörande beskattning av oredovisade intäkter inte uppfyller de krav på rättssäkerhet som ställs i skatteprocessen. I denna uppsats utreds huruvida så är fallet. De frågeställningar som uppsatsen bygger på är vilka krav som ställs på rättssäkerhet i skatteprocessen, hur beskattning av oredovisade intäkter sker, vilken bevisbörda och vIt has been claimed in literature that the application of the rules about taxation of unreported income by Swedish administrative courts is insufficient from a legal certainty perspective. This essay considers whether this is the case. The essay is centered around the following questions: What are the requirements regarding legal certainty in the tax procedure? How is unreported income taxed? Who

During the last 30 years the Swedish defence policy has shifted from a policy of neutrality to a policy of solidarity. In connection to this shift in policy the direction of the defence went from domestic to international and then back to domestic again. This paper seeks to examine how these shifts of direction has affected the methods of the military instrument of power. Through strategic theory,

Following a time period where a large number of refugees and immigrants had been received by Germany, the German minister of development proposed a new framework for Africa policy in the beginning of 2017 targeting the root causes of poverty and large migration flows. Titled Marshall Plan with Africa, the project aims to establish a new partnership between the continents, highlighting private inve

In the electoral manifesto ́s of the Swedish green party (Miljöpartiet) there is a substantial visible decrease of their emphasis on green polices, shown by using analytical tool created by the Manifesto Project. This essay aims to explain the observed decrease by utilizing Anthony Downs` rational-choice/competition theory on political party strategies. The methodology used is a most-similar desig