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To increase the overall ethanol yield from softwood, the steam pretreatment stage can be carried out in two steps. The two-step pretreatment process was evaluated from a techno-economic standpoint and compared with the one-step pretreatment process. The production plants considered were designed to utilize spruce as raw material and have a capacity of 200 000 tons/year. The two-step process result

A collection of Cladosporium has been recovered from common reed growing at Lake Constance (Germany). High-resolution cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed that Cladosporium isolates from reed are diverse. Morphologically, we distinguished three species, viz. C. herbarum, C. oxysporum, and Cladosporium sp. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis supported these results and, moreov

The optimal dosage of anaesthetic agents may be difficult. Not only does the intensity of surgical stimuli vary during a surgical procedure, but drug sensitivity varies between subjects exposed to comparable stimuli. Moreover, clinically monitored body reactions do not always reflect the balance between central nervous system effects of the surgical stimuli and of the anaesthetic agent. Therefore,

Popular Abstract in Swedish Normal hjärnaktivitet är beroende på en delikat balans mellan inhibitorisk och excitatorisk nervcellssignallering. Om denna balans störs och lutar mer åt en ökad excitering uppstår epileptiska anfall. Ungefär 1 % av befolkningen i västvärldens drabbas av epilepsi, framförallt av temporallobs-epilepsi (TLE) vilket är den vanligast förekommande formen av epilepsi bland vuTemporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of epilepsy among adult patients, and the most problematic one as seizures cannot be controlled by currently available drugs in 30 % of patients. Gene therapy based on overexpression of endogenous anti-epileptic agents such as the neuropeptide galanin and the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) represents a promising new approach

A woman presented at 28 wk gestation with fetal bradycardia 50 bpm, which persisted until 42 wk when an asymptomatic male baby was delivered. Electrocardiograph at 3 wk of age documented an incessant atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular response. He continued to be asymptomatic, but on follow-up at 16 y of age, 24-h Holter monitor showed a heart rate of 23 bpm and pauses of up to 6 s when a V

The aim of this study was to investigate a new extracorporeal immunoadsorption method to improve tumor-to-normal tissue ratios in radioimmunoimaging (RII) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT). We have developed and investigated a general method using biotinylated antibodies and an agarose-avidin column for extracorporeal immunoadsorption. The studies were made in an animal model and extracorporeal immunoa

A batch of 16 CsI(TI) scintillator crystals, supplied by the Bicron Company, has been studied with respect to precise energy calibration in pulse-shape identification technique. The light corresponding to pulse integration within the time interval 1.6-4.5 mus (long gate) and 0.0-4.5 mus (extra-long gate) exhibits a power law relation, L(E, Z, A) a1 (Z, A)Ea2(Z-4), for (1.2.3) H isotopes in the mea

One frequently used classification of flow cytometric DNA ploidy status (diploid versus nondiploid) was compared with a division into seven ploidy classes based on DNA index (DI) and number of cell populations (hypodiploid, diploid, near-hyperdiploid, hyperdiploid, tetraploid, hypertetraploid, and multiploid). The latter ploidy classification showed a better correlation with prognosis and other pr

There are several approaches to using nonstiff implicit linear multistep methods for solving certain classes of semi-explicit index 2 DAEs. Using β-blocked discretizations (Arevalo et al., 1996) Adams-Moulton methods up to order 4 and difference corrected BDF (Soderlind, 1989) methods up to order 7 can be stabilized. As no extra matrix computations are required, this approach is an alternative to

Treatment of type 3 von Willebrand disease (vWD) relies on infusion with plasma-derived factor concentrates containing von Willebrand factor (vWF). Patients with types 1 and 2 vWD who do not respond satisfactorily after receiving desmopressin need treatment with concentrates. The rationale for long-term prophylaxis in vWD is obvious: prophylaxis has been successfully used in hemophilia, and joint

Transverse relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy can provide atom-specific information about time scales, populations, and the extent of structural reorganization in proteins under equilibrium conditions. A method is described that uses side-chain methyl groups as local reporters for conformational transitions taking place in the microsecond regime. The experiment measures carbon nuclear spin rel

The electronic properties and structure of a complex incorporating a self-interstitial (i) and two oxygen atoms are presented by a combination of deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), infrared absorption spectroscopy and ab-initio modeling studies. It is argued that the IO2 complex in Si can exist in four charge states (IO2-, IO20, IO2+, and IO2++). The first and the second donor levels of the

Up to date SNOM tips have. been prepared from SiO2 based materials using etching or locally melt fibre's stretching for tip sharpening [1,2] Usage of other metal oxides has been restricted because of the lack Of methods for obtaining the tips with suitable geometrical configuration. In our previous work we have proposed the technique for preparing transparent and electroconductive SnO2 fibres and

The reaction pathways in the ammoxidation of propene and of propane over an Sb-V-oxide catalyst were studied by analyzing the modes of transient responses of reactants and products resulting from step changes from inert gas to reactant feed. The pathway from propane to acrylonitrile begins with the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to form propene. After readsorption, the propene is then transf