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Near-surface remote sensing techniques are essential monitoring tools to provide spatial and temporal resolutions beyond the capabilities of orbital methods. This high level of detail is especially helpful to monitor specific plant communities and to accurately time the phenological stages of vegetation - which satellites can miss by days or weeks in frequently clouded areas such as the Arctic. In
In retrospect and erroneously the nineteenth century international gold standard was interpreted as a quest for monetary discipline. The discipline argument was introduced after WWI in support for a restoration of the gold standard. The interwar failure led to an emphasis on international balances, the argument which came to the fore in the preparations for the Bretton Woods system. The balance ar
The RelA-mediated stringent response is at the heart of bacterial adaptation to starvation and stress, playing a major role in the bacterial cell cycle and virulence. RelA integrates several environmental cues and synthesizes the alarmone ppGpp, which globally reprograms transcription, translation, and replication. We have developed and implemented novel single-molecule tracking methodology to cha
Phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification among intrinsically disordered proteins and regions, which helps regulate function by changing the protein conformations, dynamics, and interactions with binding partners. To fully comprehend the effects of phospho-rylation, computer simulations are a helpful tool, although they are dependent on the accuracy of the force field used. Here,
Aim: Ongoing climate warming has been widely reported to delay autumn phenology, which in turn impacts carbon, water, energy and nutrient balances at regional and global scales. However, the underlying mechanisms of autumn phenology responses to climate change have not been fully elucidated. The aims of this study were to determine whether brightening that was defined as the increase of surface so
Five peptides previously suggested to possess polyproline II (PPII) structure have here been investigated by using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to compare how well four different force fields known for simulating intrinsically disordered proteins relatively well (Amber ff99SB-disp, Amber ff99SB-ILDN, CHARM36IDPSFF, and CHARMM36m) can capture this secondary structure element. The result
This paper investigates potential factors that control the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Spring Persistence Barrier (SPB) strength in two different ENSO regimes and apply it to explain the ENSO SPB strength modulation after the 21st century. In a damped, noise-driven model, the theoretical solution of SPB strength illustrates that a weaker ENSO growth rate strengthens SPB. In the self-sustai
BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and causes serious health complications in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Early diagnosis of NAFLD is important, as this can help prevent irreversible damage to the liver and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinomas. We sought to expand etiological understanding and develop a diagnostic tool for NAFLD usin
The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary arch
OGC CityGML is an open standard for 3D city models intended to foster interoperability and support various applications. However, through our practical experience and discussions with practitioners, we have noticed several problems related to the implementation of the standard and the use of standardized data. Nevertheless, a systematic investigation of these issues has never been carried out, and
The EU Trade Secrets Directive (‘the Directive’) has standardized the national laws in EU member states for the protection of trade secrets. For the first time, a harmonised definition of what constitutes a ‘trade secret’ is established as well as common measures aimed at preventing the misappropriating of trade secrets and rules for procedures and sanctions.The adoption of the Directive reflects
Horizontal logistics collaboration can increase environmental sustainability and reduce shipping costs. Given these benefits—and the fact that few shippers actually opt to collaborate—public sector agencies and industry associations have attempted to sponsor and support the facilitation of horizontal logistics collaboration projects over the past 20 years. The literature, however, has yet to revea
Methane emissions from boreal and arctic wetlands, lakes, and rivers are expected to increase in response to warming and associated permafrost thaw. However, the lack of appropriate land cover datasets for scaling field-measured methane emissions to circumpolar scales has contributed to a large uncertainty for our understanding of present-day and future methane emissions. Here we present the Borea
Proper irrigation scheduling and agricultural water management require a precise estimation of crop water requirement. In practice, reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is firstly estimated, and used further to calculate the evapotranspiration of each crop. In this study, two new coupled models were developed for estimating daily ETo. Two optimization algorithms, the shuffled frog-leaping algorithm
One way of reducing environmental pollution is to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by replacing them with solar radiation (Rs), which is one of the main sources of clean and renewable energy. In this study, daily Rs values at seven meteorological stations in Iran (Ahvaz, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Mashhad, Bandar Abbas, Kerman and Tabriz) over 2010-2019 were estimated using empirical models, suppor
Using light scattering (LS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and coarse-grained Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we studied the self-interactions of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), PPI03 and PPI13. With LS measurements, we obtained the osmotic second virial coefficient, B22, and the molecular weight, Mw, of the two mAbs, while with SAXS measurements, we studied the mAbs' self-interaction behav
The osmotic pressure of dilute electrolyte solutions containing charged macro-ions as well as counterions can be computed directly from the particle distribution via the well-known cell model. Originally derived within the Poisson-Boltzmann mean-field approximation, the cell model considers a single macro-ion centered into a cell, together with counterions needed to neutralize the total cell charg
Past efforts to synthesize and quantify the magnitude and change in carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems across the rapidly warming Arctic-boreal zone (ABZ) have provided valuable information but were limited in their geographical and temporal coverage. Furthermore, these efforts have been based on data aggregated over varying time periods, often with only minimal site ancillary d
