Experimental study on thermal runaway evolution and toxicity hazard of lithium-ion batteries in a tunnel under longitudinal air flow
The widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage has introduced significant fire risks, particularly in confined and restricted environments such as tunnels. This study investigated thermal runaway (TR) behavior in a model tunnel at ventilation speeds ranging from 0 m/s to 2.5 m/s, using LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) batteries. The experiments identified two criti