The Land of Opportunity? Social Class, Returns to Migration, and Occupational Mobility of Swedish Immigrants, 1880–1910
I study the economic returns to migration among Swedish immigrants in the United States in 1900 and 1910, by social class. Using linked data from full-count Swedish and US censuses via the Swedish Emigrant Register, I first estimate the rates of return to migration using two identification strategies, with the returns exceeding 60 percent, notably higher for migrants from lower social classes. Fur
