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Closed-Loop Combustion Control Using Ion-Current Signals in a 6-Cylinder Port-Injected Natural-gas Engine

High EGR rates combined with turbocharging has been identified as a promising way to increase the maximum load and efficiency of heavy-duty spark ignition engines. With stoichiometric conditions a three-way catalyst can be used which means that regulated emissions can be kept at very low levels. Obtaining reliable spark ignition is difficult however with high pressure and dilution. There will be a

Frequency Deviations and Generation Scheduling in the Nordic System

Abstract in UndeterminedHigh penetration of variable generation such as wind power increases the demands on frequency control. The same applies to island operation and in particular if this involves variable generation, which is planned at the Danish island Bornholm. While it is obvious that the frequency control need to be considered, the disturbances caused to this control by the hourly dispatch

Magnetic losses in composite materials

We discuss some of the problems involved in homogenization of a composite material built from ferromagnetic inclusions in a nonmagnetic background material. The small signal permeability for a ferromagnetic spherical particle is combined with a homogenization formula to give an effective permeability for the composite material. The composite material inherits the gyrotropic structure and resonant

Comparison of Several Adaptive Controllers According to Their Robustness Metrics

This paper compares the performance and the robustness of several linear adaptive controllers using a linear system with time–varying disturbance in the presence of measurement noise. For the purpose of comparison we select the direct and indirect model reference adaptive controller (MRAC), the direct MRAC with σ–modification, and the L1 adaptive controller. Using tools from linear systems theory

The pragmatics of imperative and declarative pointing

Bates (1976) is the starting-point for an analysis of pointing that does not involve explicit higher-order intentions. It is claimed that declarative pointing is essentially intersubjective, while imperative pointing is based on behaviourally motivated regularities. Declarative pointing has an indicating function. Other behaviours associated with it pertain either to its preparatory and enabling c